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Formerly make.texinfo.~28~
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Robert J. Chassell
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make.texinfo
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make.texinfo
@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ This manual describes @code{make} and contains the following chapters:@refill
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* Archives:: Using @code{make} to Update Archive Files
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* Features:: Features of GNU @code{make}
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* Missing:: Missing Features of GNU @code{make}
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* Summary:: Summary of Directives, Special Targets,
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and Special Variables
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* Complex Makefile:: Complex Makefile
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* Concept Index:: Index of Concepts
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* Name Index:: Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives
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@ -1824,6 +1826,11 @@ for @code{.SILENT} are not meaningful.
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@samp{.SILENT} exists for historical compatibility. We recommend you
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use the more selective ways to silence specific commands.
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@xref{Echoing, ,Command Echoing}.
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@item .EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES
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Simply by being mentioned as a target, @code{.EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES}
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tells @code{make} to export all variables to child processes by default.
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@xref{Variables/Recursion, ,Exporting Variables}.
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@end table
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Any defined implicit rule suffix also counts as a special target if it
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@ -2610,7 +2617,7 @@ sub-@code{make} to read before the usual or specified ones.
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Flags such as @samp{-s} and @samp{-k} are passed automatically to the
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sub-@code{make} through the variable @code{MAKEFLAGS}. This variable is
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set up automatically by @code{make} to contain the flag letters that
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@code{make} received. Thus, if you do @samp{make -ks} then
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@code{make} received. Thus, if you do @w{@samp{make -ks}} then
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@code{MAKEFLAGS} gets the value @samp{ks}.@refill
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As a consequence, every sub-@code{make} gets a value for @code{MAKEFLAGS}
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@ -6371,7 +6378,7 @@ functionality in that it will check out SCCS files for makefiles.
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Various new built-in implicit rules. @xref{Catalogue of Rules, ,Catalogue of Implicit Rules}.
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@end itemize
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@node Missing, Complex Makefile, Features, Top
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@node Missing, Summary, Features, Top
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@chapter Incompatibilities and Missing Features of GNU @code{make}
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The @code{make} programs in various other systems support a few features
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@ -6457,8 +6464,231 @@ We feel that such usage is broken. The dependency properties of
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and doing such a thing simply does not fit the model.@refill
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@end itemize
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@node Complex Makefile, Concept Index, Missing, Top
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@appendix Complex Makefile
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@node Summary, Complex Makefile, Missing, Top
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@appendix Summary of Directives, Functions, and Special Variables
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This appendix summarizes the directives, text manipulation functions,
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and special variables which GNU @code{make} understands.
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@xref{Special Targets}, and @ref{Catalogue of Rules, ,Catalogue of
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Implicit Rules}.@refill
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Here is a summary of the directives GNU @code{make} recognizes:
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@table @code
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@item define @var{variable}
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@itemx endef
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Define a multi-line, recursively-expanded variable.
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@xref{Sequences}.
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@item ifdef @var{variable}
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@itemx ifndef @var{variable}
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@itemx ifeq (@var{a},@var{b})
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@itemx ifeq "@var{a}" "@var{b}"
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@itemx ifneq (@var{a},@var{b})
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@itemx ifneq "@var{a}" "@var{b}"
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@itemx else
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@itemx endif
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Conditionally evaluate part of the makefile.
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@xref{Conditionals}.
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@item include @var{file}
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Include another makefile.
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@xref{Include}.
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@item override @var{variable} = @var{value}
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@itemx override @var{variable} := @var{value}
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Define a variable, overriding any previous definition.
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@xref{Override Directive}.
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@item export
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Tell @code{make} to export all variables to child processes by default.
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@xref{Variables/Recursion}.
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@item export @var{variable}
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@itemx export @var{variable} = @var{value}
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@itemx export @var{variable} := @var{value}
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@itemx unexport @var{variable}
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Tell @code{make} whether or not to export a particular variable to child
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processes. @xref{Variables/Recursion}.
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@item vpath
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Specify a search path for files matching a @samp{%} pattern.
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@xref{Selective Search}.
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@end table
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Here is a summary of the text manipulation functions (@pxref{Functions}):
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@table @code
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@item $(subst @var{from},@var{to},@var{text})
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Replace @var{from} with @var{to} in @var{text}.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(patsubst @var{pattern},@var{replacement},@var{text})
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Replace words matching @var{pattern} with @var{replacement} in @var{text}.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(strip @var{string})
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Remove excess whitespace characters from @var{string}.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(findstring @var{find},@var{text})
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Locate @var{find} in @var{text}.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(filter @var{pattern}@dots{},@var{text})
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Select words in @var{text} that match one of the @var{pattern} words.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(filter-out @var{pattern}@dots{},@var{text})
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Select words in @var{text} that @emph{do not} match any of the @var{pattern} words.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(sort @var{list})
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Sort the words in @var{list} lexicographically, removing duplicates.
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@xref{Text Functions}.
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@item $(dir @var{names})
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Extract the directory part of each file name.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(notdir @var{names})
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Extract the non-directory part of each file name.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(suffix @var{names})
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Extract the suffix (the last @samp{.} and following characters) of each file name.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(basename @var{names})
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Extract the base name (name without suffix) of each file name.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(addsuffix @var{suffix},@var{names})
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Append @var{suffix} to each word in @var{names}.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(addprefix @var{prefix},@var{names})
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Prepend @var{prefix} to each word in @var{names}.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(join @var{list1},@var{list2})
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Join two parallel lists of words.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(word @var{n},@var{text})
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Extract the @var{n}th word (one-origin) of @var{text}.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(words @var{text})
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Count the number of words in @var{text}.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(firstword @var{names})
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Extract the first word of @var{names}.
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@xref{Filename Functions}.
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@item $(wildcard @var{pattern}@dots{})
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Find file names matching a shell file name pattern.
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@xref{Wildcard Function}.
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@item $(shell @var{command})
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Execute a shell command and return its output.
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@xref{Shell Function}.
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@item $(origin @var{var})
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Return a string describing how the @code{make} variable @var{var} was defined.
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@xref{Origin Function}.
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@item $(foreach @var{var},@var{words},@var{text})
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Evaluate @var{text} with @var{var} bound to each word in @var{words},
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and concatenate the results.
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@xref{Foreach Function}.
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@end table
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Here is a summary of the automatic variables.
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@xref{Automatic}, for full information.
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@table @code
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@item $@@
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The file name of the target.
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@item $%
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The target member name, when the target is an archive member.
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@item $<
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The name of the first dependency.
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@item $?
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The names of all the dependencies that are
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newer than the target, with spaces between them.
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@item $^
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The names of all the dependencies, with spaces between them.
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@item $*
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The stem with which an implicit rule matches (@pxref{Pattern Match, ,How Patterns Match}).
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@item $(@@D)
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@itemx $(@@F)
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The directory part and the file-within-directory part of @code{$@@}.
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@item $(*D)
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@itemx $(*F)
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The directory part and the file-within-directory part of @code{$*}.
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@item $(%D)
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@itemx $(%F)
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The directory part and the file-within-directory part of @code{$%}.
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@item $(<D)
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@itemx $(<F)
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The directory part and the file-within-directory part of @code{$<}.
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@item $(^D)
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@itemx $(^F)
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The directory part and the file-within-directory part of @code{$^}.
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@item $(?D)
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@itemx $(?F)
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The directory part and the file-within-directory part of @code{$?}.
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@end table
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These variables are used specially by GNU @code{make}:
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@table @code
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@item MAKEFILES
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Makefiles to be read on every invocation of @code{make}.
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@xref{MAKEFILES Variable}.
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@item VPATH
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Directory search path for files not found in the current directory.
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@xref{General Search}.
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@item SHELL
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The name of the system default command interpreter, usually @file{/bin/sh}.
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@item MAKE
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The name with which @code{make} was invoked.
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Using this variable in commands has special meaning.
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@xref{MAKE Variable}.
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@item MAKELEVEL
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The number of levels of recursion (sub-@code{make}s).
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@xref{Variables/Recursion}.
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@item MAKEFLAGS
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@itemx MFLAGS
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The flags given to @code{make}. You can set this in the environment or
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a makefile to set flags.
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@xref{Options/Recursion}.
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@item SUFFIXES
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The default list of suffixes before @code{make} reads any makefiles.
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@end table
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@c !!! this is a pretty lame example --roland
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@node Complex Makefile, Concept Index, Summary, Top
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@appendix A Complex Makefile Example
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Here is the makefile for the GNU @code{tar} program. This is a
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moderately complex makefile.
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