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# 混入
## Mixins
## 简介
自可重用组建构造出类除了传统的面向对象层次外还有另一种流行方式即通过将较为简单的小部分类结合起来along with traditional OO hierarchies, another popular way of building up classes from resuable components is to build them by combining simpler partial classes。如熟悉 Scala 等编程语言中的 [混入](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixin) 或 [traits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming))特性,那么这些特性也已在 JavaScript 社区中有一些接受了。
## 混入示例
在下面的代码中展示了在TypeScript进行混入建模的方式。接着该代码这里将分步说明混入是如何工作的。
```typescript
// 一个名为 Disposable 的混入
class Disposable {
isDisposable: boolean;
dispose () {
this.isDisposable = true;
}
}
// 一个名为 Activatable 的混入
class Activatable {
isActive: boolean;
activate() {
this.isActive = true;
}
deactivate() {
this.isActive = false;
}
}
class SmartObject implements Disposable, Activatable {
constructor() {
setInterval(() => {
console.log(`${this.isActive} : ${this.isDisposable}`)
}, 500);
}
interact() {
this.activate();
}
// Disposable
isDisposable: boolean = false;
dispose: () => void;
// Activatable
isActive: boolean = false;
activate: () => void;
deactivate: () => void;
}
applyMixins(SmartObject, [Disposable, Activatable]);
let smartObj = new SmartObject();
setTimeout(() => smartObj.interact(), 1000);
function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, baseCtors: any[]) {
baseCtors.forEach(baseCtor => {
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach(name => {
derivedCtor.prototype[name] = baseCtor.prototype[name];
});
});
}
```
## 掌握该示例
该段代码一两个扮演了这里混入角色的类开始。可以看出他们各自着重于某个特定行为或功能。随后就将他们混合在了一起,从而形成了一个新的、同时有着二者功能的类。
```typescript
// 一个名为 Disposable 的混入
class Disposable {
isDisposable: boolean;
dispose () {
this.isDisposable = true;
}
}
// 一个名为 Activatable 的混入
class Activatable {
isActive: boolean;
activate() {
this.isActive = true;
}
deactivate() {
this.isActive = false;
}
}
```
接着创建了将对上述两个混入进行结合的类。来更详细地看看这个新类是如何完成结合的:
```typescript
class SmartObject implements Disposable, Activatable {}
```
可能注意到的第一件事,便是这里使用了`implements`而非`extends`关键字。此做法就将两个混入类作为接口看待了,同时仅使用了`Disposable`与`Activatable`背后的类型,而非他们的实现。这就意味着在新类`SmartObject`中必须提供到实现。不过这一点正是在使用混入特性时要避免的This means that we'll have to provide the implementation in class. Except, that's exactly what we want to avoid by using mixins
为满足此要求,这里为那些将要从混入类中过来的成员,创建出了他们的起身属性及其相应类型。于是令到编译器满足于运行时这些成员可用了。虽然这样做有些重复累赘,不过确实能获得使用混入特性的好处。
```typescript
// Disposable
isDisposable: boolean = false;
dispose: () => void;
// Activatable
isActive: boolean = false;
activate: () => void;
deactivate: () => void;
```
最后,将两个混入类混合到一起,创建完整的实现。
```typescript
applyMixins(SmartObject, [Disposable, Activatable]);
```
代码的最后,创建了完成混合的一个助手函数。该函数将遍历各个混入类的那些属性,并将这些属性拷贝到这些混入的目标,以这些属性的实现,将其替身属性填充起来。
```typescript
function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, baseCtors: any[]) {
baseCtors.forEach(baseCtor => {
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach(name => {
derivedCtor.prototype[name] = baseCtor.prototype[name];
});
});
}
```

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// 一个名为 Disposable 的混入
class Disposable {
isDisposable: boolean;
dispose () {
this.isDisposable = true;
}
}
// 一个名为 Activatable 的混入
class Activatable {
isActive: boolean;
activate() {
this.isActive = true;
}
deactivate() {
this.isActive = false;
}
}
class SmartObject implements Disposable, Activatable {
constructor() {
setInterval(() => {
console.log(`${this.isActive} : ${this.isDisposable}`)
}, 500);
}
interact() {
this.activate();
}
// Disposable
isDisposable: boolean = false;
dispose: () => void;
// Activatable
isActive: boolean = false;
activate: () => void;
deactivate: () => void;
}
applyMixins(SmartObject, [Disposable, Activatable]);
let smartObj = new SmartObject();
setTimeout(() => smartObj.interact(), 1000);
function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, baseCtors: any[]) {
baseCtors.forEach(baseCtor => {
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach(name => {
derivedCtor.prototype[name] = baseCtor.prototype[name];
});
});
}