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# 混入
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## Mixins
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## 简介
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自可重用组建构造出类,除了传统的面向对象层次外,还有另一种流行方式,即通过将较为简单的小部分类结合起来(along with traditional OO hierarchies, another popular way of building up classes from resuable components is to build them by combining simpler partial classes)。如熟悉 Scala 等编程语言中的 [混入](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixin) 或 [traits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming))特性,那么这些特性也已在 JavaScript 社区中有一些接受了。
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## 混入示例
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在下面的代码中,展示了在TypeScript进行混入建模的方式。接着该代码,这里将分步说明混入是如何工作的。
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```typescript
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// 一个名为 Disposable 的混入
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class Disposable {
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isDisposable: boolean;
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dispose () {
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this.isDisposable = true;
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}
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}
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// 一个名为 Activatable 的混入
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class Activatable {
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isActive: boolean;
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activate() {
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this.isActive = true;
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}
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deactivate() {
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this.isActive = false;
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}
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}
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class SmartObject implements Disposable, Activatable {
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constructor() {
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setInterval(() => {
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console.log(`${this.isActive} : ${this.isDisposable}`)
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}, 500);
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}
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interact() {
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this.activate();
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}
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// Disposable
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isDisposable: boolean = false;
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dispose: () => void;
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// Activatable
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isActive: boolean = false;
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activate: () => void;
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deactivate: () => void;
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}
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applyMixins(SmartObject, [Disposable, Activatable]);
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let smartObj = new SmartObject();
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setTimeout(() => smartObj.interact(), 1000);
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function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, baseCtors: any[]) {
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baseCtors.forEach(baseCtor => {
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Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach(name => {
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derivedCtor.prototype[name] = baseCtor.prototype[name];
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});
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});
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}
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```
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## 掌握该示例
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该段代码一两个扮演了这里混入角色的类开始。可以看出他们各自着重于某个特定行为或功能。随后就将他们混合在了一起,从而形成了一个新的、同时有着二者功能的类。
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```typescript
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// 一个名为 Disposable 的混入
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class Disposable {
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isDisposable: boolean;
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dispose () {
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this.isDisposable = true;
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}
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}
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// 一个名为 Activatable 的混入
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class Activatable {
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isActive: boolean;
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activate() {
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this.isActive = true;
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}
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deactivate() {
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this.isActive = false;
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}
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}
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```
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接着创建了将对上述两个混入进行结合的类。来更详细地看看这个新类是如何完成结合的:
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```typescript
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class SmartObject implements Disposable, Activatable {}
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```
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可能注意到的第一件事,便是这里使用了`implements`而非`extends`关键字。此做法就将两个混入类作为接口看待了,同时仅使用了`Disposable`与`Activatable`背后的类型,而非他们的实现。这就意味着在新类`SmartObject`中必须提供到实现。不过,这一点正是在使用混入特性时要避免的(This means that we'll have to provide the implementation in class. Except, that's exactly what we want to avoid by using mixins)。
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为满足此要求,这里为那些将要从混入类中过来的成员,创建出了他们的起身属性及其相应类型。于是令到编译器满足于运行时这些成员可用了。虽然这样做有些重复累赘,不过确实能获得使用混入特性的好处。
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```typescript
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// Disposable
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isDisposable: boolean = false;
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dispose: () => void;
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// Activatable
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isActive: boolean = false;
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activate: () => void;
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deactivate: () => void;
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```
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最后,将两个混入类混合到一起,创建完整的实现。
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```typescript
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applyMixins(SmartObject, [Disposable, Activatable]);
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```
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代码的最后,创建了完成混合的一个助手函数。该函数将遍历各个混入类的那些属性,并将这些属性拷贝到这些混入的目标,以这些属性的实现,将其替身属性填充起来。
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```typescript
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function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, baseCtors: any[]) {
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baseCtors.forEach(baseCtor => {
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Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach(name => {
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derivedCtor.prototype[name] = baseCtor.prototype[name];
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});
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});
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}
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```
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@ -31,4 +31,5 @@ function validate<T>(target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: TypedProperty
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}
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}
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let l1 = new Line()
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let l1 = new Line();
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console.log(l1);
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56
src/mixins_example.ts
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56
src/mixins_example.ts
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// 一个名为 Disposable 的混入
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class Disposable {
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isDisposable: boolean;
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dispose () {
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this.isDisposable = true;
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}
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}
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// 一个名为 Activatable 的混入
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class Activatable {
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isActive: boolean;
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activate() {
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this.isActive = true;
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}
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deactivate() {
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this.isActive = false;
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}
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}
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class SmartObject implements Disposable, Activatable {
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constructor() {
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setInterval(() => {
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console.log(`${this.isActive} : ${this.isDisposable}`)
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}, 500);
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}
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interact() {
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this.activate();
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}
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// Disposable
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isDisposable: boolean = false;
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dispose: () => void;
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// Activatable
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isActive: boolean = false;
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activate: () => void;
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deactivate: () => void;
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}
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applyMixins(SmartObject, [Disposable, Activatable]);
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let smartObj = new SmartObject();
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setTimeout(() => smartObj.interact(), 1000);
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function applyMixins(derivedCtor: any, baseCtors: any[]) {
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baseCtors.forEach(baseCtor => {
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Object.getOwnPropertyNames(baseCtor.prototype).forEach(name => {
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derivedCtor.prototype[name] = baseCtor.prototype[name];
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});
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});
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}
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