reorganized the directories

projects/add/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[workspace]
+
+members = [
+    "adder",
+    "add_one",
+]

projects/add/add_one/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "add_one"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+rand = "^0.8.4"

projects/add/add_one/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
+    x + 1
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn it_works() {
+        let result = add_one(2);
+        assert_eq!(result, 3);
+    }
+}

projects/add/adder/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "adder"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+add_one = { path = "../add_one" }
+rand = "0.8.4"

projects/add/adder/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+use add_one::add_one;
+
+fn main() {
+    let num = 10;
+    println!("你好，世界！\n\t{num} 加 1 为 {}!", add_one(num));
+}

projects/adder/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "adder"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/adder/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+pub fn add_two(a: i32) -> i32 {
+    internal_add(a, 2)
+}
+
+fn internal_add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
+    a + b
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn internal() {
+        assert_eq! (4, internal_add(2, 2));
+    }
+}

projects/adder/tests/common/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub fn setup() {
+    println! ("特定于库测试的一些设置代码，将放在这里");
+}

projects/adder/tests/integration_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use adder;
+
+mod common;
+
+#[test]
+fn it_adds_two() {
+    common::setup();
+    assert_eq! (6, adder::add_two(4));
+}

projects/aggregator/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "aggregator"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/aggregator/src/bin/test_case.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+fn main() {
+    println! ("媒体聚合器");
+}

projects/aggregator/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+pub trait Summary {
+    fn summarize_author(&self) -> String;
+
+    fn summarize(&self) -> String {
+        format! ("（了解更多来自 {} ......）", self.summarize_author())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct NewsArticle {
+    pub headline: String,
+    pub location: String,
+    pub author: String,
+    pub content: String,
+}
+
+impl Summary for NewsArticle {
+    fn summarize_author(&self) -> String {
+        format! ("{}", self.author)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Tweet {
+    pub username: String,
+    pub content: String,
+    pub reply: bool,
+    pub retweet: bool,
+}
+
+impl Summary for Tweet {
+    fn summarize_author(&self) -> String {
+        format! ("@{}", self.username)
+    }
+}
+
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+pub struct Pair<T> {
+    pub x: T,
+    pub y: T,
+}
+
+impl<T> Pair<T> {
+    pub fn new(x: T, y: T) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Display + PartialOrd> Pair<T> {
+    pub fn cmp_display(&self) {
+        if self.x >= self.y {
+            println! ("极大数为 x = {}", self.x);
+        } else {
+            println! ("极大数为 y = {}", self.y);
+        }
+    }
+}

projects/aggregator/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use aggregator::{Summary, Tweet, NewsArticle, Pair};
+
+pub fn notify<T: Summary>(item: &T) {
+    println! ("突发新闻！{}", item.summarize());
+}
+
+fn return_summarizable() -> impl Summary {
+    Tweet {
+        username: String::from("horse_ebooks"),
+        content: String::from(
+            "当然，如同你或许已经知道的一样，朋友们"
+        ),
+        reply: false,
+        retweet: false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let tweet = Tweet {
+        username: String::from("horse_ebooks"),
+        content: String::from(
+            "当然，跟大家已经清楚的一样了，朋友们",
+        ),
+        reply: false,
+        retweet: false,
+    };
+
+    println!("1 条新推文: {}", tweet.summarize());
+    notify(&tweet);
+
+
+    let article = NewsArticle {
+        headline: String::from("企鹅队赢得斯坦利杯锦标赛！"),
+        location: String::from("美国，宾夕法尼亚州，匹兹堡"),
+        author: String::from("Iceburgh"),
+        content: String::from(
+            "匹兹堡企鹅队再度成为美国曲棍球联盟 \
+            NHL 中的最佳球队。"
+        ),
+    };
+
+    println! ("有新文章可读！{}", article.summarize());
+    notify(&article);
+
+    println! ("1 条旧推文: {}", return_summarizable().summarize());
+
+    let pair = Pair::new(5, 10);
+    pair.cmp_display();
+
+    let pair = Pair::new("这是一个测试", "This is a test.");
+    pair.cmp_display();
+
+    println! ("{}", 3.to_string());
+}

projects/art/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "art"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/art/src/kinds.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/// RYB 颜色模型下的主要颜色。
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum PrimaryColor {
+    Red,
+    Yellow,
+    Blue,
+}
+
+/// RYB 颜色模型下的次要颜色。
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum SecondaryColor {
+    Orange,
+    Green,
+    Purple,
+}

projects/art/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! # art - 美术
+//!
+//! 建模诸多美术概念的一个库。
+
+pub mod kinds;
+pub mod utils;
+
+pub use self::kinds::PrimaryColor;
+pub use self::kinds::SecondaryColor;
+pub use self::utils::mix;

projects/art/src/utils.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use crate::kinds::*;
+
+/// 结合两种等量的主要颜色，创建出
+/// 某种次要颜色。
+pub fn mix(c1: PrimaryColor, c2: PrimaryColor) -> SecondaryColor {
+    // --跳过代码--
+    println! ("c1: {:?}, c2: {:?}", c1, c2);
+    SecondaryColor::Purple
+}

projects/assert_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "assert_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/assert_demo/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+pub fn add_two(a: i32) -> i32 {
+    a + 2
+}
+
+pub fn nth_fibonacci(n: u64) -> u64 {
+
+    if n == 0 || n == 1 { 
+        return n; 
+    } else { 
+        return nth_fibonacci(n - 1) + nth_fibonacci(n - 2); 
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_two_and_two() {
+        assert_eq! (4, add_two(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_three_and_two() {
+        assert_eq! (5, add_two(3));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_hundred() {
+        assert_eq! (102, add_two(100));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn it_works() {
+        assert_eq! (2 + 2, 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore]
+    fn expensive_test() {
+        assert_ne! (100, nth_fibonacci(50));
+    }
+}

projects/associated_type/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "associated_type"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/associated_type/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+fn main() {
+    println!("Hello, world!");
+}

projects/branches/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "branches"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/branches/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() {
+    let condition = true;
+
+    let number = if condition { 5 } else { "six" };
+
+    println! ("number 的值为：{}", number);
+}

projects/cargo_features_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "cargo_features_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+art = { path = "../art" }

projects/cargo_features_demo/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! # Cargo 特性示例代码箱
+//!
+//! `cargo_features_demo` 是令到执行某些确切计算更便利
+//! 的一些工具的集合。
+//!
+
+/// 将一加到所给数字。
+/// # 示例（examples）
+///
+/// ```
+/// let arg = 5;
+/// let answer = cargo_features_demo::add_one(arg);
+/// 
+/// assert_eq! (6, answer);
+/// ```
+pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
+    x + 2
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

projects/cargo_features_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+use art::mix;
+use art::PrimaryColor;
+
+fn main() {
+    let red = PrimaryColor::Red;
+    let yellow = PrimaryColor::Yellow;
+    mix(red, yellow);
+}

projects/cargo_features_demo/src/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn five_plus_one() {
+    assert_eq! (7, add_one(5));
+}

projects/clippy_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "clippy_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/clippy_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+fn main() {
+    let x = std::f64::consts::PI;
+    let r = 8.0;
+    println!("圆的面积为 {}", x * r * r);
+}

projects/closure-example/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "closure-example"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/closure-example/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Rectangle {
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut list = [
+        Rectangle { width: 10, height: 1 },
+        Rectangle { width: 3, height: 5 },
+        Rectangle { width: 7, height: 12 },
+    ];
+
+    let mut sort_operations = vec! [];
+    let value = String::from("按照被调用到的 key");
+
+    list.sort_by_key(|r| {
+        sort_operations.push(&value);
+        r.width
+    });
+    println! ("{:#?}\n{:#?}", list, sort_operations);
+}

projects/closure_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "closure_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/closure_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Copy, Clone)]
+enum ShirtColor {
+    Red,
+    Blue,
+}
+
+struct Inventory {
+    shirts: Vec<ShirtColor>,
+}
+
+impl Inventory {
+    fn giveaway(
+        &self, 
+        user_preference: Option<ShirtColor>
+    ) -> ShirtColor {
+        user_preference.unwrap_or_else(|| self.most_stocked())
+    }
+
+    fn most_stocked(&self) -> ShirtColor {
+        let mut num_red = 0;
+        let mut num_blue = 0;
+
+        for color in &self.shirts {
+            match color {
+                ShirtColor::Red => num_red += 1,
+                ShirtColor::Blue => num_blue += 1,
+            }
+        }
+
+        if num_red > num_blue {
+            ShirtColor::Red
+        } else {
+            ShirtColor::Blue
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let store = Inventory {
+        shirts: vec! [ShirtColor::Blue, ShirtColor::Red, ShirtColor::Blue],
+    };
+
+    let user_pref1 = Some(ShirtColor::Red);
+    let giveaway1 = store.giveaway(user_pref1);
+    println! (
+        "选项为 {:?} 的用户，得到了 {:?}", 
+        user_pref1, giveaway1
+    );
+
+    let user_pref2 = None;
+    let giveaway2 = store.giveaway(user_pref2);
+    println! (
+        "选项为 {:?} 的用户得到了 {:?}",
+        user_pref2, giveaway2
+    );
+
+}

projects/concur_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "concur_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/concur_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+
+use std::thread;
+
+fn main() {
+    let v = vec! [1, 2, 3];
+
+    let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+        println! ("这里有个矢量值：{:?}", &v);
+    });
+
+    handle.join().unwrap();
+}

projects/cons_list_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "cons_list_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/cons_list_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum List {
+    Cons(Rc<RefCell<i32>>, Rc<List>),
+    Nil,
+}
+
+use crate::List::{Cons, Nil};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+fn main() {
+    let value = Rc::new(RefCell::new(5));
+
+    let a = Rc::new(Cons(Rc::clone(&value), Rc::new(Nil)));
+
+    let b = Cons(Rc::new(RefCell::new(3)), Rc::clone(&a));
+    let c = Cons(Rc::new(RefCell::new(4)), Rc::clone(&a));
+
+    *value.borrow_mut() += 10;
+
+    println! ("之后的 a = {:?}", a);
+    println! ("之后的 b = {:?}", b);
+    println! ("之后的 c = {:?}", c);
+}

projects/declarative_macro/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "declarative_macro"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/declarative_macro/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fn main() {
+
+    println!("Hello, world!");
+}

projects/derive_macro_comsumer/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "derive_macro_comsumer"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+hello_macro = { path = "../hello_macro" }
+hello_macro_derive = { path = "../hello_macro/hello_macro_derive" }

projects/derive_macro_comsumer/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use hello_macro::HelloMacro;
+use hello_macro_derive::HelloMacro;
+
+#[derive(HelloMacro)]
+struct Pancakes;
+
+fn main() {
+    Pancakes::hello_macro();
+}

projects/disambiguation/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "disambiguation"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/disambiguation/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+trait Animal {
+    fn baby_name() -> String;
+}
+
+struct Dog;
+
+impl Dog {
+    fn baby_name() -> String {
+        String::from("点点")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Animal for Dog {
+    fn baby_name() -> String {
+        String::from("狗崽")
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println! ("小狗叫做 {}", <Dog as Animal>::baby_name());
+}

projects/dst/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "dst"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/dst/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fn main() {
+    let s1: str = "致以问候！";
+    let s2: str = "最近过得怎么样？";
+}

projects/encapsulation_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "encapsulation_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/encapsulation_demo/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+
+pub struct AveragedCollection {
+    list: Vec<i32>,
+    average: f64,
+}
+
+impl AveragedCollection {
+    pub fn add(&mut self, value: i32) {
+        self.list.push(value);
+        self.update_average();
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self) -> Option<i32> {
+        let result = self.list.pop();
+        match result {
+            Some(value) => {
+                self.update_average();
+                Some(value)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn average(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.average
+    }
+
+    fn update_average(&mut self) {
+        let total: i32 = self.list.iter().sum();
+        self.average = total as f64 / self.list.len() as f64;
+    }
+}

projects/enum_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "enum_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/enum_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() {
+    let config_max: Option<u8> = Some(3u8);
+    
+    if let Option::Some(max) =  (config_max) {
+        println! ("极大值被设置为了 {}", max);
+    }
+}

projects/error_handling_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "error_handling_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/error_handling_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+fn main () {
+    use std::net::IpAddr;
+
+    let home: IpAddr = "192.168.0.255"
+        .parse()
+        .expect("硬编码的 IP 地址应是有效的");
+
+    println! ("{}", home);
+}

projects/extern_code/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "extern_code"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/extern_code/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+extern "C" {
+    fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;
+    fn sqrt(input: f64) -> f64;
+}
+
+
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn call_from_c() {
+    println! ("刚从 C 调用了一个 Rust 函数！");
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    unsafe {
+        println! ("C 语言中 -3 的绝对值为：{}，3.0 的平方根为：{}", abs(-3), sqrt(3.0));
+    }
+}
+

projects/fah_to_cels/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "fah_to_cels"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/fah_to_cels/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use std::io;
+use std::process;
+
+fn fah_to_cels(f: f32) -> f32 {
+    return (f - 32.0) / 1.8;
+}
+
+fn cels_to_fah(c: f32) -> f32 {
+    return c * 1.8 + 32.0;
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println! ("法式温度与摄氏温度之间的转换");
+
+    loop {
+        println! ("\n-----------------\n请选择：
+            '1'-摄氏温度/'2'-法式温度/'Q'/\"quit\" 退出程序。
+            '1'/'2'/'Q'/\"quit\"[1]：");
+
+        let mut temp_type = String::new();
+
+        io::stdin()
+            .read_line(&mut temp_type)
+            .expect("读取输入失败！");
+
+        let temp_type = temp_type.trim();
+
+        if temp_type.eq("Q") || temp_type.eq("quit") { process::exit(0); }
+
+        if ! temp_type.eq("1") && ! temp_type.eq("2") && ! temp_type.eq("") { 
+            println! ("无效输入，请输入 '1'、'2'、'Q'、\"quit\"，或直接按下回车键");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if temp_type.eq("1") || temp_type.eq("") {
+            println! ("请输入要转换的摄氏温度：");
+            let temp = get_temp_input();
+
+            println! ("摄氏温度： {:.2}°C，约为法氏温度：{:.2}°F", temp, cels_to_fah(temp));
+        }
+
+        if temp_type.eq("2") {
+            println! ("请输入要转换的法氏温度：");
+            let temp = get_temp_input();
+
+            println! ("法氏温度：{:.2}°F，约为摄氏温度：{:.2}°C", temp, fah_to_cels(temp));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_temp_input() -> f32 {
+    return loop {
+        let mut tmp = String::new();
+
+        io::stdin()
+            .read_line(&mut tmp)
+            .expect("读取输入失败");
+
+        match tmp.trim().parse() {
+            Ok(num) => { break num },
+            Err(_) => {
+                println! ("请输入一个浮点数，比如 -10.0, 15.6");
+                continue
+            }
+        };
+    };
+}

projects/fn_pattn_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "fn_pattn_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/fn_pattn_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+fn print_coordinates(&(x, y): &(i32, i32)) {
+    println!("当前坐标：({}, {})", x, y);
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let point = (3, -5);
+    print_coordinates(&point);
+}

projects/for_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "for_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/for_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() {
+    let v = vec! ['a', 'b', 'c'];
+
+    for (index, value) in v.iter().enumerate() {
+        println! ("{} 处于索引 {} 处", value, index);
+    }
+}

projects/func_pointer/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "func_pointer"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/func_pointer/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
+    x + 1
+}
+
+fn do_twice(f: fn(i32) -> i32, arg: i32) -> i32 {
+    f(arg) + f(arg)
+}
+
+
+fn main() {
+    let answer = do_twice(add_one, 5);
+
+    println! ("答案为：{}", answer);
+
+    let list_of_numbers = vec! [1, 2, 3];
+    let list_of_strings: Vec<String> =
+        list_of_numbers.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect();
+
+    println! ("结果为：{:?}", list_of_strings);
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    enum Status {
+        Value(u32),
+        Stop,
+    }
+
+    let mut list_of_statuses: Vec<Status> = (0u32..20).map(Status::Value).collect();
+    list_of_statuses.append(&mut vec! [Status::Stop]);
+    println! ("list_of_statuses: {:?}", list_of_statuses);
+}

projects/functions/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "functions"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/functions/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+fn main() {
+    let x = plus_one(-1);
+
+    println! ("x 的值为：{}", x);
+}
+
+fn plus_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
+    x + 1
+}

projects/generics_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "generics_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/generics_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+enum Option_i32 {
+    Some(i32),
+    None,
+}
+
+enum Option_f64 {
+    Some(f64),
+    None,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);
+    let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);
+}

projects/guessing_game/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "guessing_game-xfossdotcom"
+license = "MIT"
+version = "0.1.1"
+description = "一个在其中猜出计算机所选数字的有趣游戏。"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+rand = "0.8.3"

projects/guessing_game/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Readme
+
+这是一个作为把代码箱上传到 [crates.io](https://crates.io) 示例的 Rust 项目。

projects/guessing_game/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use rand::Rng;
+use std::{cmp::Ordering, io, process};
+
+pub struct Guess {
+    value: i32,
+}
+
+impl Guess {
+    pub fn new(value: i32) -> Guess {
+        if value < 1 || value > 100 {
+            panic! ("Guess 类型值必须在 1 与 100 之间，收到的是 {}", value);
+        }
+
+        Guess { value }
+    }
+
+    pub fn value(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.value
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    loop {
+        println! ("\n---猜出这个数来！---");
+
+        let secret_number: i32 = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(1..101);
+
+        // println! ("随机生成的秘密数字为：{}", secret_number);
+
+        loop {
+            println! ("请输入你猜的数。（ ‘Q/quit’ 退出游戏）");
+
+            let mut guess: String = String::new();
+
+            io::stdin()
+                .read_line(&mut guess)
+                .expect("读取行失败......");
+
+            if guess.trim().eq("Q") || guess.trim().eq("quit") { process::exit(0); }
+
+            // let guess: u32 = guess.trim().parse().expect("请输入一个数字！");
+            let guess: i32 = match guess.trim().parse() {
+               Ok(num) => num,
+               Err(_) => { println! ("请输入一个数字！"); continue },
+            };
+
+            if guess < 1 || guess > 100 {
+                println! ("秘密数字将在 1 和 100 之间");
+                continue
+            }
+
+            println! ("你猜的数为：{}", guess);
+
+            match guess.cmp(&secret_number) {
+                Ordering::Less => println! ("太小了！"),
+                Ordering::Greater => println! ("太大了！"),
+                Ordering::Equal => {
+                    println! ("你赢了！"); 
+                    break
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

projects/hashmap_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "hashmap_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/hashmap_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+fn main() {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    let text = "hello world wonderful world";
+
+    let mut map = HashMap::new();
+
+    for word in text.split_whitespace() {
+        let count = map.entry(word).or_insert(0);
+        *count += 1;
+    }
+
+    println! ("{:?}", map);
+}

projects/hello/404.html

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>你好!</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>糟糕!</h1>
+    <p>抱歉，我不明白你要什么。</p>
+  </body>
+</html>

projects/hello/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/hello/hello.html

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>你好!</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>你好!</h1>
+    <p>来自 Rust 的问好</p>
+  </body>
+</html>

projects/hello/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use std::{
+    sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
+    thread,
+};
+
+pub struct ThreadPool {
+    workers: Vec<Worker>,
+    sender: Option<mpsc::Sender<Job>>,
+}
+
+type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
+
+impl ThreadPool {
+    /// 创建出一个新的 ThreadPool。
+    ///
+    /// 其中的 size 为线程池中线程的数目。
+    ///
+    /// # 终止运行
+    ///
+    /// 这个 `new` 函数将在 size 为零时终止运行。
+    pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
+        assert! (size > 0);
+
+        let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
+
+        let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
+
+        let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+
+        for id in 0..size {
+            workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
+        }
+
+        ThreadPool {
+            workers,
+            sender: Some(sender),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        let job = Box::new(f);
+
+        self.sender.as_ref().unwrap().send(job).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ThreadPool {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        drop(self.sender.take());
+
+        for worker in &mut self.workers {
+            println! ("关闭 worker {}", worker.id);
+
+            if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
+                thread.join().unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Worker {
+    id: usize,
+    thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
+}
+
+impl Worker {
+    fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
+        let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
+            let message = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv();
+
+            match message {
+                Ok(job) => {
+                    println! ("Worker {id} 获取到一项作业；执行中。");
+
+                    job();
+                }
+                Err(_) => {
+                    println! ("Worker {id} 已断开链接；关闭中。");
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        Worker {
+            id,
+            thread: Some(thread),
+        }
+    }
+}

projects/hello/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use hello::ThreadPool;
+
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    thread,
+    io::{prelude::*, BufReader},
+    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+fn main() {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:7878").unwrap();
+    let pool = ThreadPool::new(4);
+
+    for stream in listener.incoming().take(2) {
+        let stream = stream.unwrap();
+
+        pool.execute(|| {
+            handle_conn(stream);
+        });
+    }
+
+    println! ("关闭中。");
+}
+
+fn handle_conn(mut stream: TcpStream) {
+    let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&mut stream);
+    let req_line = buf_reader.lines().next().unwrap().unwrap();
+
+    let (status_line, filename) = match &req_line[..] {
+        "GET / HTTP/1.1" => ( "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", "hello.html"),
+        "GET /sleep HTTP/1.1" => {
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(10));
+            ("HTTP/1.1 200 0K", "hello.html")
+        }
+        _ => ("HTTP/1.1 404 NOT FOUND", "404.html"),
+    };
+
+    let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename).unwrap();
+    let length = contents.len();
+
+    let resp =
+        format! ("{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}");
+
+    stream.write_all(resp.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+}

projects/hello_cargo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello_cargo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/hello_cargo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fn main() {
+    // 这是注释。
+    println! ("Hello, Cargo!");
+}

projects/hello_macro/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello_macro"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/hello_macro/hello_macro_derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello_macro_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies]
+syn = "1.0"
+quote = "1.0"

projects/hello_macro/hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use quote::quote;
+use syn;
+
+#[proc_macro_derive(HelloMacro)]
+pub fn hello_macro_derive(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    // 以语法树形式，构建出咱们可操作 Rust 代码的表示
+    // Construct a representation of Rust code as a syntax tree
+    // that we can manipulate
+    let ast = syn::parse(input).unwrap();
+
+    // 构造出这个特质实现
+    impl_hello_macro(&ast)
+}
+
+fn impl_hello_macro(ast: &syn::DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
+    let name = &ast.ident;
+    let gen = quote! {
+        impl HelloMacro for #name {
+            fn hello_macro() {
+                println! ("你好，宏！我的名字叫 {}！", stringify! (#name));
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    gen.into()
+}

projects/hello_macro/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub trait HelloMacro {
+    fn hello_macro();
+}

projects/hello_macro_derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello_macro_derive"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+pub fn add(left: usize, right: usize) -> usize {
+    left + right
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn it_works() {
+        let result = add(2, 2);
+        assert_eq!(result, 4);
+    }
+}

projects/hello_world/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello_world"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/hello_world/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fn main() {
+    // 这是注释。
+    println!("Hello, World!");
+}

projects/if_let_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "if_let_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/if_let_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+
+fn main() {
+    let favorite_color: Option<&str> = None;
+    let is_tuesday = false;
+    let age: Result<u8, _> = "34".parse();
+
+    if let Some(color) = favorite_color {
+        println! ("使用你喜欢的颜色，{color}，作为背景");
+    } else if is_tuesday {
+        println! ("周二是绿色的一天！");
+    } else if let Ok(age) = age {
+        if age > 30 {
+            println! ("使用紫色作为背景色");
+        } else {
+            println! ("使用橙色作为背景色");
+        }
+    } else {
+        println! ("使用蓝色作为背景色");
+    }
+}

projects/iterator_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "iterator_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/iterator_demo/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Shoe {
+    size: u32,
+    style: String,
+}
+
+fn shoes_in_size(shoes: Vec<Shoe>, shoe_size: u32) -> Vec<Shoe> {
+    shoes.into_iter().filter(|s| s.size == shoe_size).collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+#[test]
+fn iterator_demonstration() {
+    let v1 = vec! [1, 2, 3];
+
+    let mut v1_iter = v1.iter();
+
+    assert_eq! (v1_iter.next(), Some(&1));
+    assert_eq! (v1_iter.next(), Some(&2));
+    assert_eq! (v1_iter.next(), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq! (v1_iter.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn iterator_sum() {
+    let v1 = vec! [1, 2, 3];
+
+    let v1_iter = v1.iter();
+
+    let total: i32 = v1_iter.sum();
+
+    assert_eq! (total, 6);
+}

projects/iterator_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() {
+    let v1 = vec! [1, 2, 3];
+
+    let v2: Vec<_> = v1.iter().map(|x| x + 1).collect();
+
+    assert_eq! (v2, vec! [2, 3, 4]);
+}

projects/iterator_demo/src/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn filter_by_size() {
+    let shoes = vec! [
+        Shoe {
+            size: 10,
+            style: String::from("sneaker"),
+        },
+        Shoe {
+            size: 13,
+            style: String::from("sandal"),
+        },
+        Shoe {
+            size: 10,
+            style: String::from("boot"),
+        },
+    ];
+
+    let in_my_size = shoes_in_size(shoes, 10);
+
+    assert_eq! (
+        in_my_size,
+        vec! [
+        Shoe {
+            size: 10,
+            style: String::from("sneaker"),
+        },
+        Shoe {
+            size: 10,
+            style: String::from("boot"),
+        },
+        ]
+    );
+}

projects/lifetimes_demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "lifetimes_demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/lifetimes_demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+fn longest_with_an_announcement<'a, T>(
+    x: &'a str,
+    y: &'a str,
+    ann: T,
+) -> &'a str 
+where 
+    T: Display,
+{
+    println! ("通知！{}", ann);
+    if x.len() > y.len() {
+        x
+    } else { 
+        y 
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let result = longest_with_an_announcement("abc", "测试", "计算结果已出来。");
+
+    println! ("{}", result);
+}

projects/limit_tracker/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "limit_tracker"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/limit_tracker/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+pub trait Messenger {
+    fn send(&self, msg: &str);
+}
+
+pub struct LimitTracker<'a, T: Messenger> {
+    messenger: &'a T,
+    value: usize,
+    max: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> LimitTracker<'a, T>
+where
+    T: Messenger,
+{
+    pub fn new(messenger: &'a T, max: usize) -> LimitTracker<'a, T> {
+        LimitTracker {
+            messenger,
+            value: 0,
+            max,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_value(&mut self, value: usize) {
+        self.value = value;
+
+        let percentage_of_max = self.value as f64 / self.max as f64;
+
+        if percentage_of_max >= 1.0 {
+            self.messenger.send("出错：你已超出你的配额！");
+        } else if percentage_of_max >= 0.9 {
+            self.messenger
+                .send("紧急警告：你已用掉你配额的 90% ！");
+        } else if percentage_of_max >= 0.75 {
+            self.messenger
+                .send("警告：你已用掉你配额的 75% ！");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+    struct MockMessenger {
+        sent_messages: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
+    }
+
+    impl MockMessenger {
+        fn new() -> MockMessenger {
+            MockMessenger {
+                sent_messages: RefCell::new(vec! []),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Messenger for MockMessenger {
+        fn send(&self, message: &str) {
+            let mut borrow_one = self.sent_messages.borrow_mut();
+            let mut borrow_two = self.sent_messages.borrow_mut();
+
+            borrow_one.push(String::from(message));
+            borrow_two.push(String::from(message));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn it_sends_an_over_75_percent_waring_message() {
+        let mock_messenger = MockMessenger::new();
+        let mut limit_tracker = LimitTracker::new(&mock_messenger, 100);
+
+        limit_tracker.set_value(80);
+        println! ("{}", mock_messenger.sent_messages.borrow().iter().next().unwrap());
+
+        assert_eq! (mock_messenger.sent_messages.borrow().len(), 1);
+    }
+}

projects/loops/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "loops"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/loops/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main() {
+    for number in (1..4).rev() {
+        println! ("{}!", number);
+    }
+
+    println! ("发射！！");
+}

projects/lyrics_of_xmas_carol/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "lyrics_of_xmas_carol"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]

projects/lyrics_of_xmas_carol/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+fn main() {
+    let days = [
+        "first", 
+        "second", 
+        "third", 
+        "fourth", 
+        "fifth", 
+        "sixth", 
+        "seventh", 
+        "eighth", 
+        "nineth", 
+        "tenth", 
+        "eleventh", 
+        "twelfth"
+    ];
+    let amounts = [
+        "A", 
+        "Two", 
+        "Three", 
+        "Four", 
+        "Five", 
+        "Six", 
+        "Seven", 
+        "Eight", 
+        "Nine", 
+        "Ten", 
+        "Eleven", 
+        "Twelve"
+    ];
+    let things = [
+        "partridge in a pear tree", 
+        "turtle doves", 
+        "French hens",
+        "calling birds",
+        "golden rings",
+        "geese-a-laying",
+        "swans-a-swimming",
+        "maids-a-milking",
+        "ladies dancing",
+        "lords-a-leaping",
+        "pipers piping",
+        "drummers drumming",
+    ];
+
+    for num in 1..=12 {
+        println! ("\nOn the {} day of Christmas,\nMy true love gave to me:", 
+            days[num-1]);
+        for tmp in (0..num).rev() {
+            if tmp == 0 && num == 1 {
+                println! ("{} {}.", amounts[tmp], things[tmp]);
+            }
+            if tmp == 0 && num != 1 {
+                println! ("And {} {}.", amounts[tmp].to_lowercase(), things[tmp]);
+            }
+            if tmp != 0 {
+                println! ("{} {},", amounts[tmp], things[tmp]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

projects/minigrep/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "minigrep"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 1
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = 3