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fix links in ch7 & ch8

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例如，考虑一个多人游戏，其中几个玩家可以同时移动相同的棋子。在这种情况下，一个原子操作可能是不够的，因为应用程序还需要确保玩家的移动符合游戏规则，这可能涉及到一些不能合理地用数据库查询实现的逻辑。但你可以使用锁来防止两名玩家同时移动相同的棋子，如例7-1所示。 例如，考虑一个多人游戏，其中几个玩家可以同时移动相同的棋子。在这种情况下，一个原子操作可能是不够的，因为应用程序还需要确保玩家的移动符合游戏规则，这可能涉及到一些不能合理地用数据库查询实现的逻辑。但你可以使用锁来防止两名玩家同时移动相同的棋子，如例7-1所示。
##### 例7-1 显式锁定行以防止丢失更新 **例7-1 显式锁定行以防止丢失更新**
```plsql ```plsql
BEGIN TRANSACTION; BEGIN TRANSACTION;
@ -895,10 +895,8 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
“[The Notions of Consistency and Predicate Locks in a Database System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/On%20the%20Notions%20of%20Consistency%20and%20Predicate%20Locks%20in%20a%20Database%20System%20CACM.pdf),” *Communications of the “[The Notions of Consistency and Predicate Locks in a Database System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/On%20the%20Notions%20of%20Consistency%20and%20Predicate%20Locks%20in%20a%20Database%20System%20CACM.pdf),” *Communications of the
ACM*, volume 19, number 11, pages 624–633, November 1976. ACM*, volume 19, number 11, pages 624–633, November 1976.
4. “[ACID Transactions Are Incredibly Helpful](http://web.archive.org/web/20150320053809/https://foundationdb.com/acid-claims),” FoundationDB, LLC, 2013. 4. “[ACID Transactions Are Incredibly Helpful](http://web.archive.org/web/20150320053809/https://foundationdb.com/acid-claims),” FoundationDB, LLC, 2013.
5. John D. Cook: 5. John D. Cook: “[ACID Versus BASE for Database Transactions](http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/07/06/brewer-cap-theorem-base/),” *johndcook.com*, July 6, 2009.
“[ACID Versus BASE for Database Transactions](http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/07/06/brewer-cap-theorem-base/),” *johndcook.com*, July 6, 2009. 6. Gavin Clarke: “[NoSQL's CAP Theorem Busters: We Don't Drop ACID](http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/22/foundationdb_fear_of_cap_theorem/),” *theregister.co.uk*, November 22, 2012.
6. Gavin Clarke:
“[NoSQL's CAP Theorem Busters: We Don't Drop ACID](http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/22/foundationdb_fear_of_cap_theorem/),” *theregister.co.uk*, November 22, 2012.
7. Theo Härder and Andreas Reuter: 7. Theo Härder and Andreas Reuter:
“[Principles of Transaction-Oriented Database Recovery](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.87.2812&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, “[Principles of Transaction-Oriented Database Recovery](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.87.2812&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*,
volume 15, number 4, pages 287–317, December 1983. volume 15, number 4, pages 287–317, December 1983.

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# 8. 分布式系统的麻烦 # 第八章：分布式系统的麻烦
![](img/ch8.png) ![](img/ch8.png)
@ -10,15 +10,15 @@
> >
> 无食我数 > 无食我数
> >
> ​ ——凯尔金斯伯里，卡莉赖杰普森，网络分区的危险（2013年） > ​ —— Kyle Kingsbury, Carly Rae Jepsen 《网络分区的危害》（2013年）
--------- ---------
[TOC] [TOC]
最近几章中反复出现的主题是系统如何处理错误的事情。例如，我们讨论了复制故障转移（第156页的“处理节点中断”），复制滞后（第161页的“复制滞后问题”）和事务的控制（第233页的“弱隔离级别”）。当我们了解可能在实际系统中出现的各种边缘情况时，我们会更好地处理它们。 最近几章中反复出现的主题是系统如何处理错误的事情。例如，我们讨论了**副本故障转移**（第156页的“[处理节点中断]()”），**复制延迟**（第161页的“[复制延迟问题](ch6.md#复制延迟问题)”）和事务的控制（第233页的“弱隔离级别”）。当我们了解可能在实际系统中出现的各种边缘情况时，我们会更好地处理它们。
但是，尽管我们已经谈了很多错误，但最后几章仍然过于乐观。现实更加黑暗。我们现在将我们的悲观主义转向最大化，并假设任何可能出错的东西**都会**出错[^i]。（经验丰富的系统操作员会告诉你这是一个合理的假设，如果你问得好，他们可能会告诉你一些可怕的故事，护理过去的战斗伤痕。） 但是，尽管我们已经谈了很多错误，但最后几章仍然过于乐观。现实更加黑暗。我们现在将我们的悲观主义转向最大化，并假设任何可能出错的东西**都会**出错[^i]。（经验丰富的系统运维会告诉你这是一个合理的假设，如果你问得好，他们可能会一边治疗心理创伤一边告诉你一些可怕的故事）
[^i]: 除了一个例外：我们将假定故障是非拜占庭式的（参见“[拜占庭故障](#拜占庭故障)”）。 [^i]: 除了一个例外：我们将假定故障是非拜占庭式的（参见“[拜占庭故障](#拜占庭故障)”）。
@ -661,275 +661,111 @@ Web应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端（如Web浏
## 参考文献 ## 参考文献
1. Mark Cavage: 1. Mark Cavage: Just No Getting Around It: You’re Building a Distributed System](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2482856),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 4, pages 80-89, April 2013.
“[There’s Just No Getting Around It: You’re Building a Distributed System](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2482856),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 4, pages 80-89, April 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2466486.2482856](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2466486.2482856) [doi:10.1145/2466486.2482856](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2466486.2482856)
1. Jay Kreps: 1. Jay Kreps: “[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012.
“[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012. 1. Sydney Padua: *The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage: The (Mostly) True Story of the First Computer*. Particular Books, April ISBN: 978-0-141-98151-2
1. Sydney Padua: *The Thrilling Adventures of 1. Coda Hale: “[You Can’t Sacrifice Partition Tolerance](http://codahale.com/you-cant-sacrifice-partition-tolerance/),” *codahale.com*, October 7, 2010.
Lovelace and Babbage: The (Mostly) True Story of the First Computer*. Particular Books, April 1. Jeff Hodges: “[Notes on Distributed Systems for Young Bloods](http://www.somethingsimilar.com/2013/01/14/notes-on-distributed-systems-for-young-bloods/),” *somethingsimilar.com*, January 14, 2013.
2015. ISBN: 978-0-141-98151-2 1. Antonio Regalado: “[Who Coined 'Cloud Computing’?](http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425970/who-coined-cloud-computing/),” *technologyreview.com*, October 31, 2011.
1. Coda Hale: 1. Luiz André Barroso, Jimmy Clidaras, and Urs Hölzle: “[The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines, Second Edition](http://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024),” *Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture*, volume 8, number 3, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, July 2013.[doi:10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024](http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024), ISBN: 978-1-627-05010-4
“[You Can’t Sacrifice Partition Tolerance](http://codahale.com/you-cant-sacrifice-partition-tolerance/),” *codahale.com*, October 7, 2010. 1. David Fiala, Frank Mueller, Christian Engelmann, et al.: “[Detection and Correction of Silent Data Corruption for Large-Scale High-Performance Computing](http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/ftp/pub/mueller/papers/sc12.pdf),” at *International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis* (SC12), November 2012.
1. Jeff Hodges: 1. Arjun Singh, Joon Ong, Amit Agarwal, et al.: “[Jupiter Rising: A Decade of Clos Topologies and Centralized Control in Google’s Datacenter Network](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2015/pdf/papers/p183.pdf),” at *Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015. [doi:10.1145/2785956.2787508](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787508)
“[Notes on Distributed Systems for Young Bloods](http://www.somethingsimilar.com/2013/01/14/notes-on-distributed-systems-for-young-bloods/),” *somethingsimilar.com*, January 14, 2013. 1. Glenn K. Lockwood: “[Hadoop's Uncomfortable Fit in HPC](http://glennklockwood.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/hadoops-uncomfortable-fit-in-hpc.html),” *glennklockwood.blogspot.co.uk*, May 16, 2014.
1. Antonio Regalado: 1. John von Neumann: “[Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components](https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~ssundara/courses/prob_logics.pdf),” in *Automata Studies (AM-34)*, edited by Claude E. Shannon and John McCarthy, Princeton University Press, 1956. ISBN: 978-0-691-07916-5
“[Who Coined 'Cloud Computing’?](http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425970/who-coined-cloud-computing/),” *technologyreview.com*, October 31, 2011. 1. Richard W. Hamming: *The Art of Doing Science and Engineering*. Taylor & Francis, 1997. ISBN: 978-9-056-99500-3
1. Luiz André Barroso, Jimmy Clidaras, and Urs Hölzle: 1. Claude E. Shannon: “[A Mathematical Theory of Communication](http://cs.brynmawr.edu/Courses/cs380/fall2012/shannon1948.pdf),” *The Bell System Technical Journal*, volume 27, number 3, pages 379–423 and 623–656, July 1948.
“[The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines, Second Edition](http://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024),” 1. Peter Bailis and Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Network Is Reliable](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2655736),” *ACM Queue*, volume 12, number 7, pages 48-55, July 2014. [doi:10.1145/2639988.2639988](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2639988.2639988)
*Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture*, volume 8, number 3, 1. Joshua B. Leners, Trinabh Gupta, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Michael Walfish: “[Taming Uncertainty in Distributed Systems with Help from the Network](http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~mwalfish/papers/albatross-eurosys15.pdf),” at *10th European Conference on Computer Systems* (EuroSys), April 2015. [doi:10.1145/2741948.2741976](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2741948.2741976)
Morgan & Claypool Publishers, July 2013. 1. Phillipa Gill, Navendu Jain, and Nachiappan Nagappan: “[Understanding Network Failures in Data Centers: Measurement, Analysis, and Implications](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2011/papers/sigcomm/p350.pdf),” at *ACM SIGCOMM Conference*, August 2011.
[doi:10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024](http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024),
ISBN: 978-1-627-05010-4
1. David Fiala, Frank Mueller, Christian Engelmann, et al.:
“[Detection and Correction of Silent Data Corruption for Large-Scale High-Performance Computing](http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/ftp/pub/mueller/papers/sc12.pdf),” at
*International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and
Analysis* (SC12), November 2012.
1. Arjun Singh, Joon Ong, Amit Agarwal, et al.:
“[Jupiter Rising: A Decade of Clos Topologies and Centralized Control in Google’s Datacenter Network](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2015/pdf/papers/p183.pdf),” at
*Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015.
[doi:10.1145/2785956.2787508](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787508)
1. Glenn K. Lockwood:
“[Hadoop's Uncomfortable Fit in HPC](http://glennklockwood.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/hadoops-uncomfortable-fit-in-hpc.html),” *glennklockwood.blogspot.co.uk*, May 16, 2014.
1. John von Neumann:
“[Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components](https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~ssundara/courses/prob_logics.pdf),” in *Automata Studies (AM-34)*,
edited by Claude E. Shannon and John McCarthy, Princeton University Press, 1956.
ISBN: 978-0-691-07916-5
1. Richard W. Hamming:
*The Art of Doing Science and Engineering*. Taylor & Francis, 1997.
ISBN: 978-9-056-99500-3
1. Claude E. Shannon:
“[A Mathematical Theory of Communication](http://cs.brynmawr.edu/Courses/cs380/fall2012/shannon1948.pdf),” *The Bell System Technical Journal*, volume 27, number 3,
pages 379–423 and 623–656, July 1948.
1. Peter Bailis and Kyle Kingsbury:
“[The Network Is Reliable](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2655736),”
*ACM Queue*, volume 12, number 7, pages 48-55, July 2014.
[doi:10.1145/2639988.2639988](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2639988.2639988)
1. Joshua B. Leners, Trinabh Gupta, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Michael Walfish:
“[Taming Uncertainty in Distributed Systems with Help from the Network](http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~mwalfish/papers/albatross-eurosys15.pdf),” at *10th European Conference on
Computer Systems* (EuroSys), April 2015.
[doi:10.1145/2741948.2741976](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2741948.2741976)
1. Phillipa Gill, Navendu Jain, and Nachiappan Nagappan:
“[Understanding Network Failures in Data Centers: Measurement, Analysis, and Implications](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2011/papers/sigcomm/p350.pdf),” at
*ACM SIGCOMM Conference*, August 2011.
[doi:10.1145/2018436.2018477](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2018436.2018477) [doi:10.1145/2018436.2018477](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2018436.2018477)
1. Mark Imbriaco: 1. Mark Imbriaco: “[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),” *github.com*, December 26, 2012.
“[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),” 1. Will Oremus: “[The Global Internet Is Being Attacked by Sharks, Google Confirms](http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/08/15/shark_attacks_threaten_google_s_undersea_internet_cables_video.html),” *slate.com*, August 15,
*github.com*, December 26, 2012.
1. Will Oremus:
“[The Global Internet Is Being Attacked by Sharks, Google Confirms](http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/08/15/shark_attacks_threaten_google_s_undersea_internet_cables_video.html),” *slate.com*, August 15,
2014. 2014.
1. Marc A. Donges: 1. Marc A. Donges: “[Re: bnx2 cards Intermittantly Going Offline](http://www.spinics.net/lists/netdev/msg210485.html),” Message to Linux *netdev* mailing list, *spinics.net*, September 13, 2012.
“[Re: bnx2 cards Intermittantly Going Offline](http://www.spinics.net/lists/netdev/msg210485.html),” Message to Linux *netdev* mailing list, *spinics.net*, September 13, 2012. 1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch](https://aphyr.com/posts/317-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch),” *aphyr.com*, June 15, 2014.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: 1. Salvatore Sanfilippo: “[A Few Arguments About Redis Sentinel Properties and Fail Scenarios](http://antirez.com/news/80),” *antirez.com*, October 21, 2014.
“[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch](https://aphyr.com/posts/317-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch),” *aphyr.com*, June 15, 2014. 1. Bert Hubert: “[The Ultimate SO_LINGER Page, or: Why Is My TCP Not Reliable](http://blog.netherlabs.nl/articles/2009/01/18/the-ultimate-so_linger-page-or-why-is-my-tcp-not-reliable),” *blog.netherlabs.nl*, January 18, 2009.
1. Salvatore Sanfilippo: 1. Nicolas Liochon: “[CAP: If All You Have Is a Timeout, Everything Looks Like a Partition](http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/05/CAP-theorem-partition-timeout-zookeeper.html),” *blog.thislongrun.com*, May 25, 2015.
“[A Few Arguments About Redis Sentinel Properties and Fail Scenarios](http://antirez.com/news/80),” *antirez.com*, October 21, 2014. 1. Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark: “[End-To-End Arguments in System Design](http://www.ece.drexel.edu/courses/ECE-C631-501/SalRee1984.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 2, number 4, pages 277–288, November 1984. [doi:10.1145/357401.357402](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357401.357402)
1. Bert Hubert: 1. Matthew P. Grosvenor, Malte Schwarzkopf, Ionel Gog, et al.: “[Queues Don’t Matter When You Can JUMP Them!](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-grosvenor_update.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
“[The Ultimate SO_LINGER Page, or: Why Is My TCP Not Reliable](http://blog.netherlabs.nl/articles/2009/01/18/the-ultimate-so_linger-page-or-why-is-my-tcp-not-reliable),” *blog.netherlabs.nl*, January 18, 2009. 1. Guohui Wang and T. S. Eugene Ng: “[The Impact of Virtualization on Network Performance of Amazon EC2 Data Center](http://www.cs.rice.edu/~eugeneng/papers/INFOCOM10-ec2.pdf),” at *29th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications* (INFOCOM), March 2010. [doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931)
1. Nicolas Liochon: 1. Van Jacobson: “[Congestion Avoidance and Control](http://www.cs.usask.ca/ftp/pub/discus/seminars2002-2003/p314-jacobson.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols* (SIGCOMM), August 1988. [doi:10.1145/52324.52356](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/52324.52356)
“[CAP: If All You Have Is a Timeout, Everything Looks Like a Partition](http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/05/CAP-theorem-partition-timeout-zookeeper.html),” *blog.thislongrun.com*, 1. Brandon Philips: “[etcd: Distributed Locking and Service Discovery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJIjTTHWYnE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2014.
May 25, 2015. 1. Steve Newman: “[A Systematic Look at EC2 I/O](http://blog.scalyr.com/2012/10/a-systematic-look-at-ec2-io/),” *blog.scalyr.com*, October 16, 2012.
1. Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and 1. Naohiro Hayashibara, Xavier Défago, Rami Yared, and Takuya Katayama: “[The ϕ Accrual Failure Detector](http://hdl.handle.net/10119/4784),” Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information Science, Technical Report IS-RR-2004-010, May 2004.
David D. Clark: “[End-To-End Arguments in System Design](http://www.ece.drexel.edu/courses/ECE-C631-501/SalRee1984.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 2, number 4, 1. Jeffrey Wang: “[Phi Accrual Failure Detector](http://ternarysearch.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/phi-accrual-failure-detector.html),” *ternarysearch.blogspot.co.uk*, August 11, 2013.
pages 277–288, November 1984. 1. Srinivasan Keshav: *An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network*. Addison-Wesley Professional, May 1997. ISBN: 978-0-201-63442-6
[doi:10.1145/357401.357402](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357401.357402)
1. Matthew P. Grosvenor, Malte Schwarzkopf, Ionel Gog, et al.:
“[Queues Don’t Matter When You Can JUMP Them!](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-grosvenor_update.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked
Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
1. Guohui Wang and T. S. Eugene Ng:
“[The Impact of Virtualization on Network Performance of Amazon EC2 Data Center](http://www.cs.rice.edu/~eugeneng/papers/INFOCOM10-ec2.pdf),” at *29th IEEE
International Conference on Computer Communications* (INFOCOM), March 2010.
[doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931)
1. Van Jacobson:
“[Congestion Avoidance and Control](http://www.cs.usask.ca/ftp/pub/discus/seminars2002-2003/p314-jacobson.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Communications Architectures and
Protocols* (SIGCOMM), August 1988.
[doi:10.1145/52324.52356](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/52324.52356)
1. Brandon Philips:
“[etcd: Distributed Locking and Service Discovery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJIjTTHWYnE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2014.
1. Steve Newman:
“[A Systematic Look at EC2 I/O](http://blog.scalyr.com/2012/10/a-systematic-look-at-ec2-io/),” *blog.scalyr.com*, October 16, 2012.
1. Naohiro Hayashibara, Xavier Défago, Rami Yared, and
Takuya Katayama: “[The ϕ Accrual Failure Detector](http://hdl.handle.net/10119/4784),” Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information
Science, Technical Report IS-RR-2004-010, May 2004.
1. Jeffrey Wang:
“[Phi Accrual Failure Detector](http://ternarysearch.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/phi-accrual-failure-detector.html),” *ternarysearch.blogspot.co.uk*, August 11, 2013.
1. Srinivasan Keshav: *An Engineering Approach
to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network*.
Addison-Wesley Professional, May 1997. ISBN: 978-0-201-63442-6
1. Cisco, “[Integrated Services Digital Network](http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network),” *docwiki.cisco.com*. 1. Cisco, “[Integrated Services Digital Network](http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network),” *docwiki.cisco.com*.
1. Othmar Kyas: *ATM Networks*. 1. Othmar Kyas: *ATM Networks*. International Thomson Publishing, 1995. ISBN: 978-1-850-32128-6
International Thomson Publishing, 1995. ISBN: 978-1-850-32128-6
1. “[InfiniBand FAQ](http://www.mellanox.com/related-docs/whitepapers/InfiniBandFAQ_FQ_100.pdf),” Mellanox Technologies, December 22, 2014. 1. “[InfiniBand FAQ](http://www.mellanox.com/related-docs/whitepapers/InfiniBandFAQ_FQ_100.pdf),” Mellanox Technologies, December 22, 2014.
1. Jose Renato Santos, Yoshio Turner, and G. (John) Janakiraman: 1. Jose Renato Santos, Yoshio Turner, and G. (John) Janakiraman: “[End-to-End Congestion Control for InfiniBand](http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-359.pdf),” at *22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies* (INFOCOM), April 2003. Also published by HP Laboratories Palo
“[End-to-End Congestion Control for InfiniBand](http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-359.pdf),” at *22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Alto, Tech Report HPL-2002-359. [doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949)
Communications Societies* (INFOCOM), April 2003. Also published by HP Laboratories Palo 1. Ulrich Windl, David Dalton, Marc Martinec, and Dale R. Worley: “[The NTP FAQ and HOWTO](http://www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-a-faq.htm),” *ntp.org*, November 2006.
Alto, Tech Report HPL-2002-359. 1. John Graham-Cumming: “[How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-and-why-the-leap-second-affected-cloudflare-dns/),” *blog.cloudflare.com*, January 1, 2017.
[doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949) 1. David Holmes: “[Inside the Hotspot VM: Clocks, Timers and Scheduling Events – Part I – Windows](https://blogs.oracle.com/dholmes/entry/inside_the_hotspot_vm_clocks),” *blogs.oracle.com*, October 2, 2006.
1. Ulrich Windl, David Dalton, Marc Martinec, and Dale R. Worley: 1. Steve Loughran: “[Time on Multi-Core, Multi-Socket Servers](http://steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/time-on-multi-core-multi-socket-servers.html),” *steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk*, September 17, 2015.
“[The NTP FAQ and HOWTO](http://www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-a-faq.htm),” *ntp.org*, 1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Google’s Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
November 2006. 1. M. Caporaloni and R. Ambrosini: “[How Closely Can a Personal Computer Clock Track the UTC Timescale Via the Internet?](https://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/4/103/),” *European Journal of Physics*, volume 23, number 4, pages L17–L21, June 2012. [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103)
1. John Graham-Cumming: 1. Nelson Minar: “[A Survey of the NTP Network](http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/ntp-survey99/),” *alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
“[How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-and-why-the-leap-second-affected-cloudflare-dns/),” *blog.cloudflare.com*, January 1, 2017. 1. Viliam Holub: “[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 – The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
1. David Holmes: 1. Poul-Henning Kamp: “[The One-Second War (What Time Will You Die?)](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1967009),” *ACM Queue*, volume 9, number 4, pages 44–48, April 2011. [doi:10.1145/1966989.1967009](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1966989.1967009)
“[Inside the Hotspot VM: Clocks, Timers and Scheduling Events – Part I – Windows](https://blogs.oracle.com/dholmes/entry/inside_the_hotspot_vm_clocks),” *blogs.oracle.com*, 1. Nelson Minar: “[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
October 2, 2006. 1. Christopher Pascoe: “[Time, Technology and Leaping Seconds](http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html),” *googleblog.blogspot.co.uk*, September 15, 2011.
1. Steve Loughran: 1. Mingxue Zhao and Jeff Barr: “[Look Before You Leap – The Coming Leap Second and AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/look-before-you-leap-the-coming-leap-second-and-aws/),” *aws.amazon.com*, May 18, 2015.
“[Time on Multi-Core, Multi-Socket Servers](http://steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/time-on-multi-core-multi-socket-servers.html),” *steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk*, September 17, 2015. 1. Darryl Veitch and Kanthaiah Vijayalayan: “[Network Timing and the 2015 Leap Second](http://crin.eng.uts.edu.au/~darryl/Publications/LeapSecond_camera.pdf),” at *17th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement* (PAM), April 2016. [doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29)
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.:
“[Spanner: Google’s Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and
Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. M. Caporaloni and R. Ambrosini:
“[How Closely Can a Personal Computer Clock Track the UTC Timescale Via the Internet?](https://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/4/103/),” *European Journal of
Physics*, volume 23, number 4, pages L17–L21, June 2012.
[doi:10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103)
1. Nelson Minar:
“[A Survey of the NTP Network](http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/ntp-survey99/),”
*alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
1. Viliam Holub:
“[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 – The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
1. Poul-Henning Kamp:
“[The One-Second War (What Time Will You Die?)](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1967009),” *ACM Queue*, volume 9, number 4, pages 44–48, April 2011.
[doi:10.1145/1966989.1967009](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1966989.1967009)
1. Nelson Minar:
“[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
1. Christopher Pascoe:
“[Time, Technology and Leaping Seconds](http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html),” *googleblog.blogspot.co.uk*, September 15, 2011.
1. Mingxue Zhao and Jeff Barr:
“[Look Before You Leap – The Coming Leap Second and AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/look-before-you-leap-the-coming-leap-second-and-aws/),” *aws.amazon.com*, May 18, 2015.
1. Darryl Veitch and Kanthaiah Vijayalayan:
“[Network Timing and the 2015 Leap Second](http://crin.eng.uts.edu.au/~darryl/Publications/LeapSecond_camera.pdf),” at *17th International Conference on Passive and Active
Measurement* (PAM), April 2016.
[doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29)
1. “[Timekeeping in VMware Virtual Machines](http://www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/238),” Information Guide, VMware, Inc., December 2011. 1. “[Timekeeping in VMware Virtual Machines](http://www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/238),” Information Guide, VMware, Inc., December 2011.
1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards – Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),” 1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards – Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),”
European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015. European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015.
1. Luke Bigum: 1. Luke Bigum: “[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
“[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015. 1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](https://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: 1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
“[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](https://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013. 1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013.
1. John Daily: 1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558–565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
“[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, 1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.: “[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
November 12, 2013. 1. Justin Sheehy: “[There Is No Now: Problems With Simultaneity in Distributed Systems](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385),” *ACM Queue*, volume 13, number 3, pages 36–41, March 2015. [doi:10.1145/2733108](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733108)
1. Kyle Kingsbury: 1. Murat Demirbas: “[Spanner: Google's Globally-Distributed Database](http://muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/spanner-googles-globally-distributed_4.html),” *muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.
“[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013. 1. Dahlia Malkhi and Jean-Philippe Martin: “[Spanner's Concurrency Control](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/DC-col51-Sep13.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 44, number 3, pages 73–77, September 2013. [doi:10.1145/2527748.2527767](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2527748.2527767)
1. Leslie Lamport: 1. Manuel Bravo, Nuno Diegues, Jingna Zeng, et al.: “[On the Use of Clocks to Enforce Consistency in the Cloud](http://sites.computer.org/debull/A15mar/p18.pdf),” *IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin*,
“[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume
21, number 7, pages 558–565, July 1978.
[doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.:
“[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at
Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
1. Justin Sheehy:
“[There Is No Now: Problems With Simultaneity in Distributed Systems](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385),” *ACM Queue*, volume 13, number 3, pages 36–41, March 2015.
[doi:10.1145/2733108](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733108)
1. Murat Demirbas:
“[Spanner: Google's Globally-Distributed Database](http://muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/spanner-googles-globally-distributed_4.html),” *muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.
1. Dahlia Malkhi and Jean-Philippe Martin:
“[Spanner's Concurrency Control](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/DC-col51-Sep13.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 44, number 3, pages 73–77, September 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2527748.2527767](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2527748.2527767)
1. Manuel Bravo, Nuno Diegues, Jingna Zeng, et al.:
“[On the Use of Clocks to Enforce Consistency in the Cloud](http://sites.computer.org/debull/A15mar/p18.pdf),” *IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin*,
volume 38, number 1, pages 18–31, March 2015. volume 38, number 1, pages 18–31, March 2015.
1. Spencer Kimball: 1. Spencer Kimball: “[Living Without Atomic Clocks](http://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/living-without-atomic-clocks/),” *cockroachlabs.com*, February 17, 2016.
“[Living Without Atomic Clocks](http://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/living-without-atomic-clocks/),” *cockroachlabs.com*, February 17, 2016. 1. Cary G. Gray and David R. Cheriton:“[Leases: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Distributed File Cache Consistency](http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/89-leases.pdf),” at *12th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1989.
1. Cary G. Gray and David R. Cheriton:
“[Leases: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Distributed File Cache Consistency](http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/89-leases.pdf),” at
*12th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1989.
[doi:10.1145/74850.74870](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74850.74870) [doi:10.1145/74850.74870](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74850.74870)
1. Todd Lipcon: 1. Todd Lipcon: “[Avoiding Full GCs in Apache HBase with MemStore-Local Allocation Buffers: Part 1](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2011/02/avoiding-full-gcs-in-hbase-with-memstore-local-allocation-buffers-part-1/),”
“[Avoiding Full GCs in Apache HBase with MemStore-Local Allocation Buffers: Part 1](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2011/02/avoiding-full-gcs-in-hbase-with-memstore-local-allocation-buffers-part-1/),”
*blog.cloudera.com*, February 24, 2011. *blog.cloudera.com*, February 24, 2011.
1. Martin Thompson: 1. Martin Thompson: “[Java Garbage Collection Distilled](http://mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/java-garbage-collection-distilled.html),” *mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk*, July 16, 2013.
“[Java Garbage Collection Distilled](http://mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/java-garbage-collection-distilled.html),” *mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk*, July 16, 2013. 1. Alexey Ragozin: “[How to Tame Java GC Pauses? Surviving 16GiB Heap and Greater](http://java.dzone.com/articles/how-tame-java-gc-pauses),” *java.dzone.com*, June 28, 2011.
1. Alexey Ragozin: 1. Christopher Clark, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, et al.: “[Live Migration of Virtual Machines](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2005-nsdi-migration.pdf),” at *2nd USENIX Symposium on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation* (NSDI), May 2005.
“[How to Tame Java GC Pauses? Surviving 16GiB Heap and Greater](http://java.dzone.com/articles/how-tame-java-gc-pauses),” *java.dzone.com*, June 28, 2011. 1. Mike Shaver: “[fsyncers and Curveballs](http://shaver.off.net/diary/2008/05/25/fsyncers-and-curveballs/),” *shaver.off.net*, May 25, 2008.
1. Christopher Clark, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, et al.: 1. Zhenyun Zhuang and Cuong Tran: “[Eliminating Large JVM GC Pauses Caused by Background IO Traffic](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/02/eliminating-large-jvm-gc-pauses-caused-by-background-io-traffic),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, February 10, 2016.
“[Live Migration of Virtual Machines](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2005-nsdi-migration.pdf),” at *2nd USENIX Symposium on Symposium on 1. David Terei and Amit Levy: “[Blade: A Data Center Garbage Collector](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.02578.pdf),” arXiv:1504.02578, April 13, 2015.
Networked Systems Design & Implementation* (NSDI), May 2005. 1. Martin Maas, Tim Harris, Krste Asanović, and John Kubiatowicz: “[Trash Day: Coordinating Garbage Collection in Distributed Systems](https://timharris.uk/papers/2015-hotos.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. Mike Shaver:
“[fsyncers and Curveballs](http://shaver.off.net/diary/2008/05/25/fsyncers-and-curveballs/),” *shaver.off.net*, May 25, 2008.
1. Zhenyun Zhuang and Cuong Tran:
“[Eliminating Large JVM GC Pauses Caused by Background IO Traffic](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/02/eliminating-large-jvm-gc-pauses-caused-by-background-io-traffic),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, February 10,
2016.
1. David Terei and Amit Levy:
“[Blade: A Data Center Garbage Collector](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.02578.pdf),”
arXiv:1504.02578, April 13, 2015.
1. Martin Maas, Tim Harris, Krste Asanović, and John Kubiatowicz:
“[Trash Day: Coordinating Garbage Collection in Distributed Systems](https://timharris.uk/papers/2015-hotos.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating
Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. “[Predictable Low Latency](http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1624455/Website_2016/content/White%20papers/Cinnober%20on%20GC%20pause%20free%20Java%20applications.pdf),” Cinnober Financial Technology AB, *cinnober.com*, November 24, 2013. 1. “[Predictable Low Latency](http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1624455/Website_2016/content/White%20papers/Cinnober%20on%20GC%20pause%20free%20Java%20applications.pdf),” Cinnober Financial Technology AB, *cinnober.com*, November 24, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler: 1. Martin Fowler: “[The LMAX Architecture](http://martinfowler.com/articles/lmax.html),” *martinfowler.com*, July 12, 2011.
“[The LMAX Architecture](http://martinfowler.com/articles/lmax.html),” 1. Flavio P. Junqueira and Benjamin Reed: *ZooKeeper: Distributed Process Coordination*. O'Reilly Media, 2013. ISBN: 978-1-449-36130-3
*martinfowler.com*, July 12, 2011. 1. Enis Söztutar: “[HBase and HDFS: Understanding Filesystem Usage in HBase](http://www.slideshare.net/enissoz/hbase-and-hdfs-understanding-filesystem-usage),” at *HBaseCon*, June 2013.
1. Flavio P. Junqueira and Benjamin Reed: 1. Caitie McCaffrey: “[Clients Are Jerks: AKA How Halo 4 DoSed the Services at Launch & How We Survived](http://caitiem.com/2015/06/23/clients-are-jerks-aka-how-halo-4-dosed-the-services-at-launch-how-we-survived/),” *caitiem.com*, June 23, 2015.
*ZooKeeper: Distributed Process Coordination*. O'Reilly Media, 2013. 1. Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease: “[The Byzantine Generals Problem](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 4, number 3, pages 382–401, July 1982. [doi:10.1145/357172.357176](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176)
ISBN: 978-1-449-36130-3 1. Jim N. Gray: “[Notes on Data Base Operating Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/DBOS.pdf),” in *Operating Systems: An Advanced Course*, Lecture
1. Enis Söztutar:
“[HBase and HDFS: Understanding Filesystem Usage in HBase](http://www.slideshare.net/enissoz/hbase-and-hdfs-understanding-filesystem-usage),” at *HBaseCon*,
June 2013.
1. Caitie McCaffrey:
“[Clients Are Jerks: AKA How Halo 4 DoSed the Services at Launch & How We Survived](http://caitiem.com/2015/06/23/clients-are-jerks-aka-how-halo-4-dosed-the-services-at-launch-how-we-survived/),” *caitiem.com*,
June 23, 2015.
1. Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease:
“[The Byzantine Generals Problem](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 4, number 3, pages 382–401, July 1982.
[doi:10.1145/357172.357176](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176)
1. Jim N. Gray:
“[Notes on Data Base Operating Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/DBOS.pdf),” in *Operating Systems: An Advanced Course*, Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, volume 60, edited by R. Bayer, R. M. Graham, and G. Seegmüller, Notes in Computer Science, volume 60, edited by R. Bayer, R. M. Graham, and G. Seegmüller,
pages 393–481, Springer-Verlag, 1978. ISBN: 978-3-540-08755-7 pages 393–481, Springer-Verlag, 1978. ISBN: 978-3-540-08755-7
1. Brian Palmer: 1. Brian Palmer: “[How Complicated Was the Byzantine Empire?](http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/10/the_byzantine_tax_code_how_complicated_was_byzantium_anyway_.html),” *slate.com*, October 20, 2011.
“[How Complicated Was the Byzantine Empire?](http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/10/the_byzantine_tax_code_how_complicated_was_byzantium_anyway_.html),” *slate.com*, October 20, 2011. 1. Leslie Lamport: “[My Writings](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/pubs.html),” *research.microsoft.com*, December 16, 2014. This page can be found by searching the web for the 23-character string obtained by removing the hyphens from the string `allla-mport-spubso-ntheweb`.
1. Leslie Lamport: 1. John Rushby: “[Bus Architectures for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems](http://www.csl.sri.com/papers/emsoft01/emsoft01.pdf),” at *1st International Workshop on Embedded Software* (EMSOFT), October 2001.
“[My Writings](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/pubs.html),” *research.microsoft.com*, December 16, 2014. This page can be found by searching the 1. Jake Edge: “[ELC: SpaceX Lessons Learned](http://lwn.net/Articles/540368/),” *lwn.net*, March 6, 2013.
web for the 23-character string obtained by removing the hyphens from the string 1. Andrew Miller and Joseph J. LaViola, Jr.: “[Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/anonymous-byzantine-consensus.pdf),” University of Central Florida, Technical Report CS-TR-14-01, April 2014.
<code>allla-mport-spubso-ntheweb</code>. 1. James Mickens: “[The Saddest Moment](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login-logout_1305_mickens.pdf),” *USENIX ;login: logout*, May 2013.
1. John Rushby: 1. Evan Gilman: “[The Discovery of Apache ZooKeeper’s Poison Packet](http://www.pagerduty.com/blog/the-discovery-of-apache-zookeepers-poison-packet/),” *pagerduty.com*, May 7, 2015.
“[Bus Architectures for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems](http://www.csl.sri.com/papers/emsoft01/emsoft01.pdf),” at *1st International Workshop on Embedded Software* 1. Jonathan Stone and Craig Partridge: “[When the CRC and TCP Checksum Disagree](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.7611&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2000. [doi:10.1145/347059.347561](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/347059.347561)
(EMSOFT), October 2001. 1. Evan Jones: “[How Both TCP and Ethernet Checksums Fail](http://www.evanjones.ca/tcp-and-ethernet-checksums-fail.html),” *evanjones.ca*, October 5, 2015.
1. Jake Edge: 1. Cynthia Dwork, Nancy Lynch, and Larry Stockmeyer: “[Consensus in the Presence of Partial Synchrony](http://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/~petr/ADC-07/papers/DLS88.pdf),” *Journal of the ACM*, volume 35, number 2, pages 288–323, April 1988. [doi:10.1145/42282.42283](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/42282.42283)
“[ELC: SpaceX Lessons Learned](http://lwn.net/Articles/540368/),” *lwn.net*, 1. Peter Bailis and Ali Ghodsi: “[Eventual Consistency Today: Limitations, Extensions, and Beyond](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2462076),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 3, pages 55-63, March 2013. [doi:10.1145/2460276.2462076](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2460276.2462076)
March 6, 2013. 1. Bowen Alpern and Fred B. Schneider: “[Defining Liveness](https://www.cs.cornell.edu/fbs/publications/DefLiveness.pdf),” *Information Processing Letters*, volume 21, number 4, pages 181–185, October 1985. [doi:10.1016/0020-0190(85)90056-0](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(85)90056-0)
1. Andrew Miller and Joseph J. LaViola, Jr.: 1. Flavio P. Junqueira: “[Dude, Where’s My Metadata?](http://fpj.me/2015/05/28/dude-wheres-my-metadata/),” *fpj.me*, May 28, 2015.
“[Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/anonymous-byzantine-consensus.pdf),” University of Central 1. Scott Sanders: “[January 28th Incident Report](https://github.com/blog/2106-january-28th-incident-report),” *github.com*, February 3, 2016.
Florida, Technical Report CS-TR-14-01, April 2014. 1. Jay Kreps: “[A Few Notes on Kafka and Jepsen](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/62279088548/a-few-notes-on-kafka-and-jepsen),” *blog.empathybox.com*, September 25, 2013.
1. James Mickens: 1. Thanh Do, Mingzhe Hao, Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa, et al.: “[Limplock: Understanding the Impact of Limpware on Scale-out Cloud Systems](http://ucare.cs.uchicago.edu/pdf/socc13-limplock.pdf),” at *4th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2013. [doi:10.1145/2523616.2523627](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523616.2523627)
“[The Saddest Moment](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login-logout_1305_mickens.pdf),” *USENIX ;login: logout*, May 2013. 1. Frank McSherry, Michael Isard, and Derek G. Murray: “[Scalability! But at What COST?](http://www.frankmcsherry.org/assets/COST.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. Evan Gilman:
“[The Discovery of Apache ZooKeeper’s Poison Packet](http://www.pagerduty.com/blog/the-discovery-of-apache-zookeepers-poison-packet/),” *pagerduty.com*, May 7, 2015.
1. Jonathan Stone and Craig Partridge:
“[When the CRC and TCP Checksum Disagree](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.7611&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Applications,
Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2000.
[doi:10.1145/347059.347561](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/347059.347561)
1. Evan Jones:
“[How Both TCP and Ethernet Checksums Fail](http://www.evanjones.ca/tcp-and-ethernet-checksums-fail.html),” *evanjones.ca*, October 5, 2015.
1. Cynthia Dwork, Nancy Lynch, and Larry Stockmeyer:
“[Consensus in the Presence of Partial Synchrony](http://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/~petr/ADC-07/papers/DLS88.pdf),” *Journal of the ACM*, volume 35, number 2, pages 288–323,
April 1988. [doi:10.1145/42282.42283](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/42282.42283)
1. Peter Bailis and Ali Ghodsi:
“[Eventual Consistency Today: Limitations, Extensions, and Beyond](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2462076),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 3, pages 55-63, March 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2460276.2462076](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2460276.2462076)
1. Bowen Alpern and Fred B. Schneider:
“[Defining Liveness](https://www.cs.cornell.edu/fbs/publications/DefLiveness.pdf),”
*Information Processing Letters*, volume 21, number 4, pages 181–185, October 1985.
[doi:10.1016/0020-0190(85)90056-0](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(85)90056-0)
1. Flavio P. Junqueira:
“[Dude, Where’s My Metadata?](http://fpj.me/2015/05/28/dude-wheres-my-metadata/),”
*fpj.me*, May 28, 2015.
1. Scott Sanders:
“[January 28th Incident Report](https://github.com/blog/2106-january-28th-incident-report),” *github.com*, February 3, 2016.
1. Jay Kreps:
“[A Few Notes on Kafka and Jepsen](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/62279088548/a-few-notes-on-kafka-and-jepsen),” *blog.empathybox.com*, September 25, 2013.
1. Thanh Do, Mingzhe Hao, Tanakorn
Leesatapornwongsa, et al.:
“[Limplock: Understanding the Impact of Limpware on Scale-out Cloud Systems](http://ucare.cs.uchicago.edu/pdf/socc13-limplock.pdf),” at *4th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing*
(SoCC), October 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2523616.2523627](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523616.2523627)
1. Frank McSherry, Michael Isard, and Derek G. Murray:
“[Scalability! But at What COST?](http://www.frankmcsherry.org/assets/COST.pdf),”
at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS),
May 2015.