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fix links in ch7 & ch8

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@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ UPDATE counters SET value = value + 1 WHERE key = 'foo';
例如，考虑一个多人游戏，其中几个玩家可以同时移动相同的棋子。在这种情况下，一个原子操作可能是不够的，因为应用程序还需要确保玩家的移动符合游戏规则，这可能涉及到一些不能合理地用数据库查询实现的逻辑。但你可以使用锁来防止两名玩家同时移动相同的棋子，如例7-1所示。
##### 例7-1 显式锁定行以防止丢失更新
**例7-1 显式锁定行以防止丢失更新**
```plsql
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
@ -895,10 +895,8 @@ WHERE room_id = 123 AND
“[The Notions of Consistency and Predicate Locks in a Database System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/On%20the%20Notions%20of%20Consistency%20and%20Predicate%20Locks%20in%20a%20Database%20System%20CACM.pdf),” *Communications of the
ACM*, volume 19, number 11, pages 624–633, November 1976.
4. “[ACID Transactions Are Incredibly Helpful](http://web.archive.org/web/20150320053809/https://foundationdb.com/acid-claims),” FoundationDB, LLC, 2013.
5. John D. Cook:
“[ACID Versus BASE for Database Transactions](http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/07/06/brewer-cap-theorem-base/),” *johndcook.com*, July 6, 2009.
6. Gavin Clarke:
“[NoSQL's CAP Theorem Busters: We Don't Drop ACID](http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/22/foundationdb_fear_of_cap_theorem/),” *theregister.co.uk*, November 22, 2012.
5. John D. Cook: “[ACID Versus BASE for Database Transactions](http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/07/06/brewer-cap-theorem-base/),” *johndcook.com*, July 6, 2009.
6. Gavin Clarke: “[NoSQL's CAP Theorem Busters: We Don't Drop ACID](http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/22/foundationdb_fear_of_cap_theorem/),” *theregister.co.uk*, November 22, 2012.
7. Theo Härder and Andreas Reuter:
“[Principles of Transaction-Oriented Database Recovery](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.87.2812&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*,
volume 15, number 4, pages 287–317, December 1983.

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# 8. 分布式系统的麻烦
# 第八章：分布式系统的麻烦
![](img/ch8.png)
@ -10,15 +10,15 @@
>
> 无食我数
>
> ​ ——凯尔金斯伯里，卡莉赖杰普森，网络分区的危险（2013年）
> ​ —— Kyle Kingsbury, Carly Rae Jepsen 《网络分区的危害》（2013年）
---------
[TOC]
最近几章中反复出现的主题是系统如何处理错误的事情。例如，我们讨论了复制故障转移（第156页的“处理节点中断”），复制滞后（第161页的“复制滞后问题”）和事务的控制（第233页的“弱隔离级别”）。当我们了解可能在实际系统中出现的各种边缘情况时，我们会更好地处理它们。
最近几章中反复出现的主题是系统如何处理错误的事情。例如，我们讨论了**副本故障转移**（第156页的“[处理节点中断]()”），**复制延迟**（第161页的“[复制延迟问题](ch6.md#复制延迟问题)”）和事务的控制（第233页的“弱隔离级别”）。当我们了解可能在实际系统中出现的各种边缘情况时，我们会更好地处理它们。
但是，尽管我们已经谈了很多错误，但最后几章仍然过于乐观。现实更加黑暗。我们现在将我们的悲观主义转向最大化，并假设任何可能出错的东西**都会**出错[^i]。（经验丰富的系统操作员会告诉你这是一个合理的假设，如果你问得好，他们可能会告诉你一些可怕的故事，护理过去的战斗伤痕。）
但是，尽管我们已经谈了很多错误，但最后几章仍然过于乐观。现实更加黑暗。我们现在将我们的悲观主义转向最大化，并假设任何可能出错的东西**都会**出错[^i]。（经验丰富的系统运维会告诉你这是一个合理的假设，如果你问得好，他们可能会一边治疗心理创伤一边告诉你一些可怕的故事）
[^i]: 除了一个例外：我们将假定故障是非拜占庭式的（参见“[拜占庭故障](#拜占庭故障)”）。
@ -661,275 +661,111 @@ Web应用程序确实需要预期受终端用户控制的客户端（如Web浏
## 参考文献
1. Mark Cavage:
“[There’s Just No Getting Around It: You’re Building a Distributed System](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2482856),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 4, pages 80-89, April 2013.
1. Mark Cavage: Just No Getting Around It: You’re Building a Distributed System](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2482856),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 4, pages 80-89, April 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2466486.2482856](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2466486.2482856)
1. Jay Kreps:
“[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012.
1. Sydney Padua: *The Thrilling Adventures of
Lovelace and Babbage: The (Mostly) True Story of the First Computer*. Particular Books, April
2015. ISBN: 978-0-141-98151-2
1. Coda Hale:
“[You Can’t Sacrifice Partition Tolerance](http://codahale.com/you-cant-sacrifice-partition-tolerance/),” *codahale.com*, October 7, 2010.
1. Jeff Hodges:
“[Notes on Distributed Systems for Young Bloods](http://www.somethingsimilar.com/2013/01/14/notes-on-distributed-systems-for-young-bloods/),” *somethingsimilar.com*, January 14, 2013.
1. Antonio Regalado:
“[Who Coined 'Cloud Computing’?](http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425970/who-coined-cloud-computing/),” *technologyreview.com*, October 31, 2011.
1. Luiz André Barroso, Jimmy Clidaras, and Urs Hölzle:
“[The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines, Second Edition](http://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024),”
*Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture*, volume 8, number 3,
Morgan & Claypool Publishers, July 2013.
[doi:10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024](http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024),
ISBN: 978-1-627-05010-4
1. David Fiala, Frank Mueller, Christian Engelmann, et al.:
“[Detection and Correction of Silent Data Corruption for Large-Scale High-Performance Computing](http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/ftp/pub/mueller/papers/sc12.pdf),” at
*International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and
Analysis* (SC12), November 2012.
1. Arjun Singh, Joon Ong, Amit Agarwal, et al.:
“[Jupiter Rising: A Decade of Clos Topologies and Centralized Control in Google’s Datacenter Network](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2015/pdf/papers/p183.pdf),” at
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[doi:10.1145/2785956.2787508](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787508)
1. Glenn K. Lockwood:
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1. John von Neumann:
“[Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components](https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~ssundara/courses/prob_logics.pdf),” in *Automata Studies (AM-34)*,
edited by Claude E. Shannon and John McCarthy, Princeton University Press, 1956.
ISBN: 978-0-691-07916-5
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1. Peter Bailis and Kyle Kingsbury:
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*ACM Queue*, volume 12, number 7, pages 48-55, July 2014.
[doi:10.1145/2639988.2639988](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2639988.2639988)
1. Joshua B. Leners, Trinabh Gupta, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Michael Walfish:
“[Taming Uncertainty in Distributed Systems with Help from the Network](http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~mwalfish/papers/albatross-eurosys15.pdf),” at *10th European Conference on
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[doi:10.1145/2741948.2741976](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2741948.2741976)
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1. Jay Kreps: “[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012.
1. Sydney Padua: *The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage: The (Mostly) True Story of the First Computer*. Particular Books, April ISBN: 978-0-141-98151-2
1. Coda Hale: “[You Can’t Sacrifice Partition Tolerance](http://codahale.com/you-cant-sacrifice-partition-tolerance/),” *codahale.com*, October 7, 2010.
1. Jeff Hodges: “[Notes on Distributed Systems for Young Bloods](http://www.somethingsimilar.com/2013/01/14/notes-on-distributed-systems-for-young-bloods/),” *somethingsimilar.com*, January 14, 2013.
1. Antonio Regalado: “[Who Coined 'Cloud Computing’?](http://www.technologyreview.com/news/425970/who-coined-cloud-computing/),” *technologyreview.com*, October 31, 2011.
1. Luiz André Barroso, Jimmy Clidaras, and Urs Hölzle: “[The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines, Second Edition](http://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024),” *Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture*, volume 8, number 3, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, July 2013.[doi:10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024](http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/S00516ED2V01Y201306CAC024), ISBN: 978-1-627-05010-4
1. David Fiala, Frank Mueller, Christian Engelmann, et al.: “[Detection and Correction of Silent Data Corruption for Large-Scale High-Performance Computing](http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/ftp/pub/mueller/papers/sc12.pdf),” at *International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis* (SC12), November 2012.
1. Arjun Singh, Joon Ong, Amit Agarwal, et al.: “[Jupiter Rising: A Decade of Clos Topologies and Centralized Control in Google’s Datacenter Network](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2015/pdf/papers/p183.pdf),” at *Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015. [doi:10.1145/2785956.2787508](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787508)
1. Glenn K. Lockwood: “[Hadoop's Uncomfortable Fit in HPC](http://glennklockwood.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/hadoops-uncomfortable-fit-in-hpc.html),” *glennklockwood.blogspot.co.uk*, May 16, 2014.
1. John von Neumann: “[Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components](https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~ssundara/courses/prob_logics.pdf),” in *Automata Studies (AM-34)*, edited by Claude E. Shannon and John McCarthy, Princeton University Press, 1956. ISBN: 978-0-691-07916-5
1. Richard W. Hamming: *The Art of Doing Science and Engineering*. Taylor & Francis, 1997. ISBN: 978-9-056-99500-3
1. Claude E. Shannon: “[A Mathematical Theory of Communication](http://cs.brynmawr.edu/Courses/cs380/fall2012/shannon1948.pdf),” *The Bell System Technical Journal*, volume 27, number 3, pages 379–423 and 623–656, July 1948.
1. Peter Bailis and Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Network Is Reliable](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2655736),” *ACM Queue*, volume 12, number 7, pages 48-55, July 2014. [doi:10.1145/2639988.2639988](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2639988.2639988)
1. Joshua B. Leners, Trinabh Gupta, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Michael Walfish: “[Taming Uncertainty in Distributed Systems with Help from the Network](http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~mwalfish/papers/albatross-eurosys15.pdf),” at *10th European Conference on Computer Systems* (EuroSys), April 2015. [doi:10.1145/2741948.2741976](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2741948.2741976)
1. Phillipa Gill, Navendu Jain, and Nachiappan Nagappan: “[Understanding Network Failures in Data Centers: Measurement, Analysis, and Implications](http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2011/papers/sigcomm/p350.pdf),” at *ACM SIGCOMM Conference*, August 2011.
[doi:10.1145/2018436.2018477](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2018436.2018477)
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“[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),”
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“[The Global Internet Is Being Attacked by Sharks, Google Confirms](http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/08/15/shark_attacks_threaten_google_s_undersea_internet_cables_video.html),” *slate.com*, August 15,
1. Mark Imbriaco: “[Downtime Last Saturday](https://github.com/blog/1364-downtime-last-saturday),” *github.com*, December 26, 2012.
1. Will Oremus: “[The Global Internet Is Being Attacked by Sharks, Google Confirms](http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/08/15/shark_attacks_threaten_google_s_undersea_internet_cables_video.html),” *slate.com*, August 15,
2014.
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“[Re: bnx2 cards Intermittantly Going Offline](http://www.spinics.net/lists/netdev/msg210485.html),” Message to Linux *netdev* mailing list, *spinics.net*, September 13, 2012.
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“[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch](https://aphyr.com/posts/317-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch),” *aphyr.com*, June 15, 2014.
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“[A Few Arguments About Redis Sentinel Properties and Fail Scenarios](http://antirez.com/news/80),” *antirez.com*, October 21, 2014.
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1. Nicolas Liochon:
“[CAP: If All You Have Is a Timeout, Everything Looks Like a Partition](http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/05/CAP-theorem-partition-timeout-zookeeper.html),” *blog.thislongrun.com*,
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pages 277–288, November 1984.
[doi:10.1145/357401.357402](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357401.357402)
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“[Queues Don’t Matter When You Can JUMP Them!](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi15/nsdi15-paper-grosvenor_update.pdf),” at *12th USENIX Symposium on Networked
Systems Design and Implementation* (NSDI), May 2015.
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“[The Impact of Virtualization on Network Performance of Amazon EC2 Data Center](http://www.cs.rice.edu/~eugeneng/papers/INFOCOM10-ec2.pdf),” at *29th IEEE
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[doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931)
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Protocols* (SIGCOMM), August 1988.
[doi:10.1145/52324.52356](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/52324.52356)
1. Brandon Philips:
“[etcd: Distributed Locking and Service Discovery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJIjTTHWYnE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2014.
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“[A Systematic Look at EC2 I/O](http://blog.scalyr.com/2012/10/a-systematic-look-at-ec2-io/),” *blog.scalyr.com*, October 16, 2012.
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to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network*.
Addison-Wesley Professional, May 1997. ISBN: 978-0-201-63442-6
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1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch](https://aphyr.com/posts/317-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch),” *aphyr.com*, June 15, 2014.
1. Salvatore Sanfilippo: “[A Few Arguments About Redis Sentinel Properties and Fail Scenarios](http://antirez.com/news/80),” *antirez.com*, October 21, 2014.
1. Bert Hubert: “[The Ultimate SO_LINGER Page, or: Why Is My TCP Not Reliable](http://blog.netherlabs.nl/articles/2009/01/18/the-ultimate-so_linger-page-or-why-is-my-tcp-not-reliable),” *blog.netherlabs.nl*, January 18, 2009.
1. Nicolas Liochon: “[CAP: If All You Have Is a Timeout, Everything Looks Like a Partition](http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/05/CAP-theorem-partition-timeout-zookeeper.html),” *blog.thislongrun.com*, May 25, 2015.
1. Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark: “[End-To-End Arguments in System Design](http://www.ece.drexel.edu/courses/ECE-C631-501/SalRee1984.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 2, number 4, pages 277–288, November 1984. [doi:10.1145/357401.357402](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357401.357402)
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1. Guohui Wang and T. S. Eugene Ng: “[The Impact of Virtualization on Network Performance of Amazon EC2 Data Center](http://www.cs.rice.edu/~eugeneng/papers/INFOCOM10-ec2.pdf),” at *29th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications* (INFOCOM), March 2010. [doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2010.5461931)
1. Van Jacobson: “[Congestion Avoidance and Control](http://www.cs.usask.ca/ftp/pub/discus/seminars2002-2003/p314-jacobson.pdf),” at *ACM Symposium on Communications Architectures and Protocols* (SIGCOMM), August 1988. [doi:10.1145/52324.52356](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/52324.52356)
1. Brandon Philips: “[etcd: Distributed Locking and Service Discovery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJIjTTHWYnE),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2014.
1. Steve Newman: “[A Systematic Look at EC2 I/O](http://blog.scalyr.com/2012/10/a-systematic-look-at-ec2-io/),” *blog.scalyr.com*, October 16, 2012.
1. Naohiro Hayashibara, Xavier Défago, Rami Yared, and Takuya Katayama: “[The ϕ Accrual Failure Detector](http://hdl.handle.net/10119/4784),” Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information Science, Technical Report IS-RR-2004-010, May 2004.
1. Jeffrey Wang: “[Phi Accrual Failure Detector](http://ternarysearch.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/phi-accrual-failure-detector.html),” *ternarysearch.blogspot.co.uk*, August 11, 2013.
1. Srinivasan Keshav: *An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network*. Addison-Wesley Professional, May 1997. ISBN: 978-0-201-63442-6
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International Thomson Publishing, 1995. ISBN: 978-1-850-32128-6
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Alto, Tech Report HPL-2002-359.
[doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949)
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*alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
1. Viliam Holub:
“[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 – The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
1. Poul-Henning Kamp:
“[The One-Second War (What Time Will You Die?)](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1967009),” *ACM Queue*, volume 9, number 4, pages 44–48, April 2011.
[doi:10.1145/1966989.1967009](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1966989.1967009)
1. Nelson Minar:
“[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
1. Christopher Pascoe:
“[Time, Technology and Leaping Seconds](http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html),” *googleblog.blogspot.co.uk*, September 15, 2011.
1. Mingxue Zhao and Jeff Barr:
“[Look Before You Leap – The Coming Leap Second and AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/look-before-you-leap-the-coming-leap-second-and-aws/),” *aws.amazon.com*, May 18, 2015.
1. Darryl Veitch and Kanthaiah Vijayalayan:
“[Network Timing and the 2015 Leap Second](http://crin.eng.uts.edu.au/~darryl/Publications/LeapSecond_camera.pdf),” at *17th International Conference on Passive and Active
Measurement* (PAM), April 2016.
[doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29)
1. Jose Renato Santos, Yoshio Turner, and G. (John) Janakiraman: “[End-to-End Congestion Control for InfiniBand](http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-359.pdf),” at *22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies* (INFOCOM), April 2003. Also published by HP Laboratories Palo
Alto, Tech Report HPL-2002-359. [doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2003.1208949)
1. Ulrich Windl, David Dalton, Marc Martinec, and Dale R. Worley: “[The NTP FAQ and HOWTO](http://www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-a-faq.htm),” *ntp.org*, November 2006.
1. John Graham-Cumming: “[How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-and-why-the-leap-second-affected-cloudflare-dns/),” *blog.cloudflare.com*, January 1, 2017.
1. David Holmes: “[Inside the Hotspot VM: Clocks, Timers and Scheduling Events – Part I – Windows](https://blogs.oracle.com/dholmes/entry/inside_the_hotspot_vm_clocks),” *blogs.oracle.com*, October 2, 2006.
1. Steve Loughran: “[Time on Multi-Core, Multi-Socket Servers](http://steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/time-on-multi-core-multi-socket-servers.html),” *steveloughran.blogspot.co.uk*, September 17, 2015.
1. James C. Corbett, Jeffrey Dean, Michael Epstein, et al.: “[Spanner: Google’s Globally-Distributed Database](http://research.google.com/archive/spanner.html),” at *10th USENIX Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation* (OSDI), October 2012.
1. M. Caporaloni and R. Ambrosini: “[How Closely Can a Personal Computer Clock Track the UTC Timescale Via the Internet?](https://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/4/103/),” *European Journal of Physics*, volume 23, number 4, pages L17–L21, June 2012. [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/23/4/103)
1. Nelson Minar: “[A Survey of the NTP Network](http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~nelson/research/ntp-survey99/),” *alumni.media.mit.edu*, December 1999.
1. Viliam Holub: “[Synchronizing Clocks in a Cassandra Cluster Pt. 1 – The Problem](https://blog.logentries.com/2014/03/synchronizing-clocks-in-a-cassandra-cluster-pt-1-the-problem/),” *blog.logentries.com*, March 14, 2014.
1. Poul-Henning Kamp: “[The One-Second War (What Time Will You Die?)](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1967009),” *ACM Queue*, volume 9, number 4, pages 44–48, April 2011. [doi:10.1145/1966989.1967009](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1966989.1967009)
1. Nelson Minar: “[Leap Second Crashes Half the Internet](http://www.somebits.com/weblog/tech/bad/leap-second-2012.html),” *somebits.com*, July 3, 2012.
1. Christopher Pascoe: “[Time, Technology and Leaping Seconds](http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html),” *googleblog.blogspot.co.uk*, September 15, 2011.
1. Mingxue Zhao and Jeff Barr: “[Look Before You Leap – The Coming Leap Second and AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/look-before-you-leap-the-coming-leap-second-and-aws/),” *aws.amazon.com*, May 18, 2015.
1. Darryl Veitch and Kanthaiah Vijayalayan: “[Network Timing and the 2015 Leap Second](http://crin.eng.uts.edu.au/~darryl/Publications/LeapSecond_camera.pdf),” at *17th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement* (PAM), April 2016. [doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_29)
1. “[Timekeeping in VMware Virtual Machines](http://www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/238),” Information Guide, VMware, Inc., December 2011.
1. “[MiFID II / MiFIR: Regulatory Technical and Implementing Standards – Annex I (Draft)](https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/2015/11/2015-esma-1464_annex_i_-_draft_rts_and_its_on_mifid_ii_and_mifir.pdf),”
European Securities and Markets Authority, Report ESMA/2015/1464, September 2015.
1. Luke Bigum:
“[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
1. Kyle Kingsbury:
“[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](https://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. John Daily:
“[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*,
November 12, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury:
“[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport:
“[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume
21, number 7, pages 558–565, July 1978.
[doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.:
“[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at
Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
1. Justin Sheehy:
“[There Is No Now: Problems With Simultaneity in Distributed Systems](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385),” *ACM Queue*, volume 13, number 3, pages 36–41, March 2015.
[doi:10.1145/2733108](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733108)
1. Murat Demirbas:
“[Spanner: Google's Globally-Distributed Database](http://muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/spanner-googles-globally-distributed_4.html),” *muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.
1. Dahlia Malkhi and Jean-Philippe Martin:
“[Spanner's Concurrency Control](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/DC-col51-Sep13.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 44, number 3, pages 73–77, September 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2527748.2527767](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2527748.2527767)
1. Manuel Bravo, Nuno Diegues, Jingna Zeng, et al.:
“[On the Use of Clocks to Enforce Consistency in the Cloud](http://sites.computer.org/debull/A15mar/p18.pdf),” *IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin*,
1. Luke Bigum: “[Solving MiFID II Clock Synchronisation With Minimum Spend (Part 1)](https://www.lmax.com/blog/staff-blogs/2015/11/27/solving-mifid-ii-clock-synchronisation-minimum-spend-part-1/),” *lmax.com*, November 27, 2015.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Cassandra](https://aphyr.com/posts/294-call-me-maybe-cassandra/),” *aphyr.com*, September 24, 2013.
1. John Daily: “[Clocks Are Bad, or, Welcome to the Wonderful World of Distributed Systems](http://basho.com/clocks-are-bad-or-welcome-to-distributed-systems/),” *basho.com*, November 12, 2013.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[The Trouble with Timestamps](https://aphyr.com/posts/299-the-trouble-with-timestamps),” *aphyr.com*, October 12, 2013.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System](http://research.microsoft.com/en-US/um/people/Lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 21, number 7, pages 558–565, July 1978. [doi:10.1145/359545.359563](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563)
1. Sandeep Kulkarni, Murat Demirbas, Deepak Madeppa, et al.: “[Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases](http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf),” State University of New York at Buffalo, Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2014-04, May 2014.
1. Justin Sheehy: “[There Is No Now: Problems With Simultaneity in Distributed Systems](https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385),” *ACM Queue*, volume 13, number 3, pages 36–41, March 2015. [doi:10.1145/2733108](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733108)
1. Murat Demirbas: “[Spanner: Google's Globally-Distributed Database](http://muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/spanner-googles-globally-distributed_4.html),” *muratbuffalo.blogspot.co.uk*, July 4, 2013.
1. Dahlia Malkhi and Jean-Philippe Martin: “[Spanner's Concurrency Control](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/DC-col51-Sep13.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 44, number 3, pages 73–77, September 2013. [doi:10.1145/2527748.2527767](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2527748.2527767)
1. Manuel Bravo, Nuno Diegues, Jingna Zeng, et al.: “[On the Use of Clocks to Enforce Consistency in the Cloud](http://sites.computer.org/debull/A15mar/p18.pdf),” *IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin*,
volume 38, number 1, pages 18–31, March 2015.
1. Spencer Kimball:
“[Living Without Atomic Clocks](http://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/living-without-atomic-clocks/),” *cockroachlabs.com*, February 17, 2016.
1. Cary G. Gray and David R. Cheriton:
“[Leases: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Distributed File Cache Consistency](http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/89-leases.pdf),” at
*12th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1989.
1. Spencer Kimball: “[Living Without Atomic Clocks](http://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/living-without-atomic-clocks/),” *cockroachlabs.com*, February 17, 2016.
1. Cary G. Gray and David R. Cheriton:“[Leases: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Distributed File Cache Consistency](http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/89-leases.pdf),” at *12th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), December 1989.
[doi:10.1145/74850.74870](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74850.74870)
1. Todd Lipcon:
“[Avoiding Full GCs in Apache HBase with MemStore-Local Allocation Buffers: Part 1](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2011/02/avoiding-full-gcs-in-hbase-with-memstore-local-allocation-buffers-part-1/),”
1. Todd Lipcon: “[Avoiding Full GCs in Apache HBase with MemStore-Local Allocation Buffers: Part 1](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2011/02/avoiding-full-gcs-in-hbase-with-memstore-local-allocation-buffers-part-1/),”
*blog.cloudera.com*, February 24, 2011.
1. Martin Thompson:
“[Java Garbage Collection Distilled](http://mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/java-garbage-collection-distilled.html),” *mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk*, July 16, 2013.
1. Alexey Ragozin:
“[How to Tame Java GC Pauses? Surviving 16GiB Heap and Greater](http://java.dzone.com/articles/how-tame-java-gc-pauses),” *java.dzone.com*, June 28, 2011.
1. Christopher Clark, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, et al.:
“[Live Migration of Virtual Machines](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2005-nsdi-migration.pdf),” at *2nd USENIX Symposium on Symposium on
Networked Systems Design & Implementation* (NSDI), May 2005.
1. Mike Shaver:
“[fsyncers and Curveballs](http://shaver.off.net/diary/2008/05/25/fsyncers-and-curveballs/),” *shaver.off.net*, May 25, 2008.
1. Zhenyun Zhuang and Cuong Tran:
“[Eliminating Large JVM GC Pauses Caused by Background IO Traffic](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/02/eliminating-large-jvm-gc-pauses-caused-by-background-io-traffic),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, February 10,
2016.
1. David Terei and Amit Levy:
“[Blade: A Data Center Garbage Collector](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.02578.pdf),”
arXiv:1504.02578, April 13, 2015.
1. Martin Maas, Tim Harris, Krste Asanović, and John Kubiatowicz:
“[Trash Day: Coordinating Garbage Collection in Distributed Systems](https://timharris.uk/papers/2015-hotos.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating
Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. Martin Thompson: “[Java Garbage Collection Distilled](http://mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/java-garbage-collection-distilled.html),” *mechanical-sympathy.blogspot.co.uk*, July 16, 2013.
1. Alexey Ragozin: “[How to Tame Java GC Pauses? Surviving 16GiB Heap and Greater](http://java.dzone.com/articles/how-tame-java-gc-pauses),” *java.dzone.com*, June 28, 2011.
1. Christopher Clark, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, et al.: “[Live Migration of Virtual Machines](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2005-nsdi-migration.pdf),” at *2nd USENIX Symposium on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation* (NSDI), May 2005.
1. Mike Shaver: “[fsyncers and Curveballs](http://shaver.off.net/diary/2008/05/25/fsyncers-and-curveballs/),” *shaver.off.net*, May 25, 2008.
1. Zhenyun Zhuang and Cuong Tran: “[Eliminating Large JVM GC Pauses Caused by Background IO Traffic](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/02/eliminating-large-jvm-gc-pauses-caused-by-background-io-traffic),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, February 10, 2016.
1. David Terei and Amit Levy: “[Blade: A Data Center Garbage Collector](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.02578.pdf),” arXiv:1504.02578, April 13, 2015.
1. Martin Maas, Tim Harris, Krste Asanović, and John Kubiatowicz: “[Trash Day: Coordinating Garbage Collection in Distributed Systems](https://timharris.uk/papers/2015-hotos.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. “[Predictable Low Latency](http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1624455/Website_2016/content/White%20papers/Cinnober%20on%20GC%20pause%20free%20Java%20applications.pdf),” Cinnober Financial Technology AB, *cinnober.com*, November 24, 2013.
1. Martin Fowler:
“[The LMAX Architecture](http://martinfowler.com/articles/lmax.html),”
*martinfowler.com*, July 12, 2011.
1. Flavio P. Junqueira and Benjamin Reed:
*ZooKeeper: Distributed Process Coordination*. O'Reilly Media, 2013.
ISBN: 978-1-449-36130-3
1. Enis Söztutar:
“[HBase and HDFS: Understanding Filesystem Usage in HBase](http://www.slideshare.net/enissoz/hbase-and-hdfs-understanding-filesystem-usage),” at *HBaseCon*,
June 2013.
1. Caitie McCaffrey:
“[Clients Are Jerks: AKA How Halo 4 DoSed the Services at Launch & How We Survived](http://caitiem.com/2015/06/23/clients-are-jerks-aka-how-halo-4-dosed-the-services-at-launch-how-we-survived/),” *caitiem.com*,
June 23, 2015.
1. Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease:
“[The Byzantine Generals Problem](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 4, number 3, pages 382–401, July 1982.
[doi:10.1145/357172.357176](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176)
1. Jim N. Gray:
“[Notes on Data Base Operating Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/DBOS.pdf),” in *Operating Systems: An Advanced Course*, Lecture
1. Martin Fowler: “[The LMAX Architecture](http://martinfowler.com/articles/lmax.html),” *martinfowler.com*, July 12, 2011.
1. Flavio P. Junqueira and Benjamin Reed: *ZooKeeper: Distributed Process Coordination*. O'Reilly Media, 2013. ISBN: 978-1-449-36130-3
1. Enis Söztutar: “[HBase and HDFS: Understanding Filesystem Usage in HBase](http://www.slideshare.net/enissoz/hbase-and-hdfs-understanding-filesystem-usage),” at *HBaseCon*, June 2013.
1. Caitie McCaffrey: “[Clients Are Jerks: AKA How Halo 4 DoSed the Services at Launch & How We Survived](http://caitiem.com/2015/06/23/clients-are-jerks-aka-how-halo-4-dosed-the-services-at-launch-how-we-survived/),” *caitiem.com*, June 23, 2015.
1. Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease: “[The Byzantine Generals Problem](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 4, number 3, pages 382–401, July 1982. [doi:10.1145/357172.357176](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357172.357176)
1. Jim N. Gray: “[Notes on Data Base Operating Systems](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/DBOS.pdf),” in *Operating Systems: An Advanced Course*, Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, volume 60, edited by R. Bayer, R. M. Graham, and G. Seegmüller,
pages 393–481, Springer-Verlag, 1978. ISBN: 978-3-540-08755-7
1. Brian Palmer:
“[How Complicated Was the Byzantine Empire?](http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/10/the_byzantine_tax_code_how_complicated_was_byzantium_anyway_.html),” *slate.com*, October 20, 2011.
1. Leslie Lamport:
“[My Writings](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/pubs.html),” *research.microsoft.com*, December 16, 2014. This page can be found by searching the
web for the 23-character string obtained by removing the hyphens from the string
<code>allla-mport-spubso-ntheweb</code>.
1. John Rushby:
“[Bus Architectures for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems](http://www.csl.sri.com/papers/emsoft01/emsoft01.pdf),” at *1st International Workshop on Embedded Software*
(EMSOFT), October 2001.
1. Jake Edge:
“[ELC: SpaceX Lessons Learned](http://lwn.net/Articles/540368/),” *lwn.net*,
March 6, 2013.
1. Andrew Miller and Joseph J. LaViola, Jr.:
“[Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/anonymous-byzantine-consensus.pdf),” University of Central
Florida, Technical Report CS-TR-14-01, April 2014.
1. James Mickens:
“[The Saddest Moment](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login-logout_1305_mickens.pdf),” *USENIX ;login: logout*, May 2013.
1. Evan Gilman:
“[The Discovery of Apache ZooKeeper’s Poison Packet](http://www.pagerduty.com/blog/the-discovery-of-apache-zookeepers-poison-packet/),” *pagerduty.com*, May 7, 2015.
1. Jonathan Stone and Craig Partridge:
“[When the CRC and TCP Checksum Disagree](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.7611&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Applications,
Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2000.
[doi:10.1145/347059.347561](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/347059.347561)
1. Evan Jones:
“[How Both TCP and Ethernet Checksums Fail](http://www.evanjones.ca/tcp-and-ethernet-checksums-fail.html),” *evanjones.ca*, October 5, 2015.
1. Cynthia Dwork, Nancy Lynch, and Larry Stockmeyer:
“[Consensus in the Presence of Partial Synchrony](http://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/~petr/ADC-07/papers/DLS88.pdf),” *Journal of the ACM*, volume 35, number 2, pages 288–323,
April 1988. [doi:10.1145/42282.42283](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/42282.42283)
1. Peter Bailis and Ali Ghodsi:
“[Eventual Consistency Today: Limitations, Extensions, and Beyond](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2462076),” *ACM Queue*, volume 11, number 3, pages 55-63, March 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2460276.2462076](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2460276.2462076)
1. Bowen Alpern and Fred B. Schneider:
“[Defining Liveness](https://www.cs.cornell.edu/fbs/publications/DefLiveness.pdf),”
*Information Processing Letters*, volume 21, number 4, pages 181–185, October 1985.
[doi:10.1016/0020-0190(85)90056-0](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(85)90056-0)
1. Flavio P. Junqueira:
“[Dude, Where’s My Metadata?](http://fpj.me/2015/05/28/dude-wheres-my-metadata/),”
*fpj.me*, May 28, 2015.
1. Scott Sanders:
“[January 28th Incident Report](https://github.com/blog/2106-january-28th-incident-report),” *github.com*, February 3, 2016.
1. Jay Kreps:
“[A Few Notes on Kafka and Jepsen](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/62279088548/a-few-notes-on-kafka-and-jepsen),” *blog.empathybox.com*, September 25, 2013.
1. Thanh Do, Mingzhe Hao, Tanakorn
Leesatapornwongsa, et al.:
“[Limplock: Understanding the Impact of Limpware on Scale-out Cloud Systems](http://ucare.cs.uchicago.edu/pdf/socc13-limplock.pdf),” at *4th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing*
(SoCC), October 2013.
[doi:10.1145/2523616.2523627](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523616.2523627)
1. Frank McSherry, Michael Isard, and Derek G. Murray:
“[Scalability! But at What COST?](http://www.frankmcsherry.org/assets/COST.pdf),”
at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS),
May 2015.
1. Brian Palmer: “[How Complicated Was the Byzantine Empire?](http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/10/the_byzantine_tax_code_how_complicated_was_byzantium_anyway_.html),” *slate.com*, October 20, 2011.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[My Writings](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/pubs.html),” *research.microsoft.com*, December 16, 2014. This page can be found by searching the web for the 23-character string obtained by removing the hyphens from the string `allla-mport-spubso-ntheweb`.
1. John Rushby: “[Bus Architectures for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems](http://www.csl.sri.com/papers/emsoft01/emsoft01.pdf),” at *1st International Workshop on Embedded Software* (EMSOFT), October 2001.
1. Jake Edge: “[ELC: SpaceX Lessons Learned](http://lwn.net/Articles/540368/),” *lwn.net*, March 6, 2013.
1. Andrew Miller and Joseph J. LaViola, Jr.: “[Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/anonymous-byzantine-consensus.pdf),” University of Central Florida, Technical Report CS-TR-14-01, April 2014.
1. James Mickens: “[The Saddest Moment](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login-logout_1305_mickens.pdf),” *USENIX ;login: logout*, May 2013.
1. Evan Gilman: “[The Discovery of Apache ZooKeeper’s Poison Packet](http://www.pagerduty.com/blog/the-discovery-of-apache-zookeepers-poison-packet/),” *pagerduty.com*, May 7, 2015.
1. Jonathan Stone and Craig Partridge: “[When the CRC and TCP Checksum Disagree](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.27.7611&rep=rep1&type=pdf),” at *ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2000. [doi:10.1145/347059.347561](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/347059.347561)
1. Evan Jones: “[How Both TCP and Ethernet Checksums Fail](http://www.evanjones.ca/tcp-and-ethernet-checksums-fail.html),” *evanjones.ca*, October 5, 2015.
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1. Thanh Do, Mingzhe Hao, Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa, et al.: “[Limplock: Understanding the Impact of Limpware on Scale-out Cloud Systems](http://ucare.cs.uchicago.edu/pdf/socc13-limplock.pdf),” at *4th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing* (SoCC), October 2013. [doi:10.1145/2523616.2523627](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523616.2523627)
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