在許多國家,反歧視法律禁止按種族,年齡,性別,性取向,殘疾,或信仰等受保護的特徵區分對待不同的人。其他的個人特徵可能是允許用於分析的,但是如果這些特徵與受保護的特徵存在關聯,又會發生什麼?例如在種族隔離地區中,一個人的郵政編碼,甚至是他們的IP地址,都是很強的種族指示物。這樣的話,相信一種演算法可以以某種方式將有偏資料作為輸入,併產生公平和公正的輸出【85】似乎是很荒謬的。然而這種觀點似乎常常潛伏在資料驅動型決策的支持者中,這種態度被諷刺為“在處理偏差上,機器學習與洗錢類似”(machine learning is like money laundering for bias)【86】。
1. Rachid Belaid: “[Postgres Full-Text Search is Good Enough!](http://rachbelaid.com/postgres-full-text-search-is-good-enough/),” *rachbelaid.com*, July 13, 2015.
1. Philippe Ajoux, Nathan Bronson, Sanjeev Kumar, et al.: “[Challenges to Adopting Stronger Consistency at Scale](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotos15/hotos15-paper-ajoux.pdf),” at *15th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems* (HotOS), May 2015.
1. Pat Helland and Dave Campbell: “[Building on Quicksand](https://database.cs.wisc.edu/cidr/cidr2009/Paper_133.pdf),” at *4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2009.
1. Jessica Kerr: “[Provenance and Causality in Distributed Systems](http://blog.jessitron.com/2016/09/provenance-and-causality-in-distributed.html),” *blog.jessitron.com*, September 25, 2016.
1. Kostas Tzoumas: “[Batch Is a Special Case of Streaming](http://data-artisans.com/batch-is-a-special-case-of-streaming/),” *data-artisans.com*, September 15, 2015.
1. Shinji Kim and Robert Blafford: “[Stream Windowing Performance Analysis: Concord and Spark Streaming](http://concord.io/posts/windowing_performance_analysis_w_spark_streaming),” *concord.io*, July 6, 2016.
1. Jay Kreps: “[The Log: What Every Software Engineer Should Know About Real-Time Data's Unifying Abstraction](http://engineering.linkedin.com/distributed-systems/log-what-every-software-engineer-should-know-about-real-time-datas-unifying),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, December 16, 2013.
1. Pat Helland: “[Life Beyond Distributed Transactions: An Apostate’s Opinion](http://www-db.cs.wisc.edu/cidr/cidr2007/papers/cidr07p15.pdf),” at *3rd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2007.
1. “[Great Western Railway (1835–1948)](https://www.networkrail.co.uk/VirtualArchive/great-western/),” Network Rail Virtual Archive, *networkrail.co.uk*.
1. Jacqueline Xu: “[Online Migrations at Scale](https://stripe.com/blog/online-migrations),” *stripe.com*, February 2, 2017.
1. Molly Bartlett Dishman and Martin Fowler: “[Agile Architecture](http://conferences.oreilly.com/software-architecture/sa2015/public/schedule/detail/40388),” at *O'Reilly Software Architecture Conference*, March 2015.
1. Nathan Marz and James Warren: <ahref="https://www.manning.com/books/big-data">*Big Data: Principles and Best Practices of Scalable Real-Time Data Systems*</a>. Manning, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-617-29034-3
1. Oscar Boykin, Sam Ritchie, Ian O'Connell, and Jimmy Lin: “[Summingbird: A Framework for Integrating Batch and Online MapReduce Computations](http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol7/p1441-boykin.pdf),” at *40th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2014.
1. Jay Kreps: “[Questioning the Lambda Architecture](https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/questioning-the-lambda-architecture),” *oreilly.com*, July 2, 2014.
1. Raul Castro Fernandez, Peter Pietzuch, Jay Kreps, et al.: “[Liquid: Unifying Nearline and Offline Big Data Integration](http://www.cidrdb.org/cidr2015/Papers/CIDR15_Paper25u.pdf),” at *7th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2015.
1. Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson: “[The UNIX Time-Sharing System](http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~zaher/classes/CS656/p365-ritchie.pdf),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 17, number 7, pages 365–375, July 1974. [doi:10.1145/361011.361061](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/361011.361061)
1. Eric A. Brewer and Joseph M. Hellerstein: “[CS262a: Advanced Topics in Computer Systems](http://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262/systemr.html),” lecture notes, University of California, Berkeley, *cs.berkeley.edu*, August 2011.
1. Michael Stonebraker: “[The Case for Polystores](http://wp.sigmod.org/?p=1629),” *wp.sigmod.org*, July 13, 2015.
1. Jennie Duggan, Aaron J. Elmore, Michael Stonebraker, et al.: “[The BigDAWG Polystore System](http://dspace.mit.edu/openaccess-disseminate/1721.1/100936),” *ACM SIGMOD Record*, volume 44, number 2, pages 11–16, June 2015. [doi:10.1145/2814710.2814713](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2814710.2814713)
1. Patrycja Dybka: “[Foreign Data Wrappers for PostgreSQL](http://www.vertabelo.com/blog/technical-articles/foreign-data-wrappers-for-postgresql),” *vertabelo.com*, March 24, 2015.
1. David B. Lomet, Alan Fekete, Gerhard Weikum, and Mike Zwilling: “[Unbundling Transaction Services in the Cloud](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/unbundling-transaction-services-in-the-cloud/),” at *4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2009.
1. Martin Kleppmann and Jay Kreps: “[Kafka, Samza and the Unix Philosophy of Distributed Data](http://martin.kleppmann.com/papers/kafka-debull15.pdf),” *IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin*, volume 38, number 4, pages 4–14, December 2015.
1. John Hugg: “[Winning Now and in the Future: Where VoltDB Shines](https://voltdb.com/blog/winning-now-and-future-where-voltdb-shines),” *voltdb.com*, March 23, 2016.
1. Frank McSherry, Derek G. Murray, Rebecca Isaacs, and Michael Isard: “[Differential Dataflow](http://cidrdb.org/cidr2013/Papers/CIDR13_Paper111.pdf),”
at *6th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research* (CIDR), January 2013.
1. Derek G Murray, Frank McSherry, Rebecca Isaacs, et al.: “[Naiad: A Timely Dataflow System](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/201100/naiad_sosp2013.pdf),”
at *24th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), pages 439–455, November 2013.
1. Gwen Shapira: “[We have a bunch of customers who are implementing ‘database inside-out’ concept and they all ask ‘is anyone else doing it? are we crazy?’](https://twitter.com/gwenshap/status/758800071110430720)” *twitter.com*, July 28, 2016.
1. Martin Kleppmann: “[Turning the Database Inside-out with Apache Samza,](http://martin.kleppmann.com/2015/03/04/turning-the-database-inside-out.html)” at *Strange Loop*, September 2014.
1. Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi: <ahref="http://www.epsa.org/forms/uploadFiles/3B6300000000.filename.booksingle.pdf">*Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming*</a>. MIT Press, 2004. ISBN: 978-0-262-22069-9
1. Evan Czaplicki and Stephen Chong: “[Asynchronous Functional Reactive Programming for GUIs](http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~chong/pubs/pldi13-elm.pdf),” at *34th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation* (PLDI), June 2013. [doi:10.1145/2491956.2462161](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491956.2462161)
1. Engineer Bainomugisha, Andoni Lombide Carreton, Tom van Cutsem, Stijn Mostinckx, and Wolfgang de Meuter: “[A Survey on Reactive Programming](http://soft.vub.ac.be/Publications/2012/vub-soft-tr-12-13.pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, volume 45, number 4, pages 1–34, August 2013. [doi:10.1145/2501654.2501666](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2501654.2501666)
1. Peter Alvaro, Neil Conway, Joseph M. Hellerstein, and William R. Marczak: “[Consistency Analysis in Bloom: A CALM and Collected Approach](http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~palvaro/cidr11.pdf),” at *5th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research*
(CIDR), January 2011.
1. Felienne Hermans: “[Spreadsheets Are Code](https://vimeo.com/145492419),” at *Code Mesh*, November 2015.
1. Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston: “[VisiCalc: Information from Its Creators](http://danbricklin.com/visicalc.htm),” *danbricklin.com*.
1. D. Sculley, Gary Holt, Daniel Golovin, et al.: “[Machine Learning: The High-Interest Credit Card of Technical Debt](http://research.google.com/pubs/pub43146.html),” at *NIPS Workshop on Software Engineering for Machine Learning* (SE4ML), December 2014.
1. Peter Bailis, Alan Fekete, Michael J Franklin, et al.: “[Feral Concurrency Control: An Empirical Investigation of Modern Application Integrity](http://www.bailis.org/papers/feral-sigmod2015.pdf),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), June 2015. [doi:10.1145/2723372.2737784](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2723372.2737784)
1. Guy Steele: “[Re: Need for Macros (Was Re: Icon)](https://people.csail.mit.edu/gregs/ll1-discuss-archive-html/msg01134.html),” email to *ll1-discuss* mailing list, *people.csail.mit.edu*, December 24, 2001.
1. David Gelernter: “[Generative Communication in Linda](http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/groups/csag/html/teaching/cse291s03/Readings/p80-gelernter.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems* (TOPLAS), volume 7, number 1, pages 80–112, January 1985. [doi:10.1145/2363.2433](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2363.2433)
1. Patrick Th. Eugster, Pascal A. Felber, Rachid Guerraoui, and Anne-Marie Kermarrec: “[The Many Faces of Publish/Subscribe](http://www.cs.ru.nl/~pieter/oss/manyfaces.pdf),” *ACM Computing Surveys*, volume 35, number 2, pages 114–131, June 2003. [doi:10.1145/857076.857078](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/857076.857078)
1. Ben Stopford: “[Microservices in a Streaming World](https://www.infoq.com/presentations/microservices-streaming),” at *QCon London*, March 2016.
1. Christian Posta: “[Why Microservices Should Be Event Driven: Autonomy vs Authority](http://blog.christianposta.com/microservices/why-microservices-should-be-event-driven-autonomy-vs-authority/),” *blog.christianposta.com*, May 27, 2016.
1. Alex Feyerke: “[Say Hello to Offline First](http://hood.ie/blog/say-hello-to-offline-first.html),” *hood.ie*, November 5, 2013.
1. Sebastian Burckhardt, Daan Leijen, Jonathan Protzenko, and Manuel Fähndrich: “[Global Sequence Protocol: A Robust Abstraction for Replicated Shared State](http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2015/5238/),” at *29th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming* (ECOOP), July 2015. [doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2015.568](http://dx.doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2015.568)
1. Mark Soper: “[Clearing Up React Data Management Confusion with Flux, Redux, and Relay](https://medium.com/@marksoper/clearing-up-react-data-management-confusion-with-flux-redux-and-relay-aad504e63cae),” *medium.com*, December 3, 2015.
1. Eno Thereska, Damian Guy, Michael Noll, and Neha Narkhede: “[Unifying Stream Processing and Interactive Queries in Apache Kafka](http://www.confluent.io/blog/unifying-stream-processing-and-interactive-queries-in-apache-kafka/),” *confluent.io*, October 26, 2016.
1. Frank McSherry: “[Dataflow as Database](https://github.com/frankmcsherry/blog/blob/master/posts/2016-07-17.md),” *github.com*, July 17, 2016.
1. Peter Alvaro: “[I See What You Mean](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2Aa4PivG0g),” at *Strange Loop*, September 2015.
1. Nathan Marz: “[Trident: A High-Level Abstraction for Realtime Computation](https://blog.twitter.com/2012/trident-a-high-level-abstraction-for-realtime-computation),” *blog.twitter.com*, August 2, 2012.
1. Edi Bice: “[Low Latency Web Scale Fraud Prevention with Apache Samza, Kafka and Friends](http://www.slideshare.net/edibice/extremely-low-latency-web-scale-fraud-prevention-with-apache-samza-kafka-and-friends),” at *Merchant Risk Council MRC Vegas Conference*, March 2016.
1. Charity Majors: “[The Accidental DBA](https://charity.wtf/2016/10/02/the-accidental-dba/),” *charity.wtf*, October 2, 2016.
1. Arthur J. Bernstein, Philip M. Lewis, and Shiyong Lu: “[Semantic Conditions for Correctness at Different Isolation Levels](http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/cs286/papers/isolation-icde2000.pdf),” at *16th International Conference on Data Engineering* (ICDE), February 2000. [doi:10.1109/ICDE.2000.839387](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDE.2000.839387)
1. Sudhir Jorwekar, Alan Fekete, Krithi Ramamritham, and S. Sudarshan: “[Automating the Detection of Snapshot Isolation Anomalies](http://www.vldb.org/conf/2007/papers/industrial/p1263-jorwekar.pdf),” at *33rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 2007.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: [Jepsen blog post series](https://aphyr.com/tags/jepsen), *aphyr.com*, 2013–2016.
1. Michael Jouravlev: “[Redirect After Post](http://www.theserverside.com/news/1365146/Redirect-After-Post),” *theserverside.com*, August 1, 2004.
1. Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark: “[End-to-End Arguments in System Design](http://www.ece.drexel.edu/courses/ECE-C631-501/SalRee1984.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 2, number 4, pages 277–288, November 1984. [doi:10.1145/357401.357402](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/357401.357402)
1. Peter Bailis, Alan Fekete, Michael J. Franklin, et al.: “[Coordination-Avoiding Database Systems](http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2237.pdf),”
*Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment*, volume 8, number 3, pages 185–196, November 2014.
1. Alex Yarmula: “[Strong Consistency in Manhattan](https://blog.twitter.com/2016/strong-consistency-in-manhattan),” *blog.twitter.com*, March 17, 2016.
1. Douglas B Terry, Marvin M Theimer, Karin Petersen, et al.: “[Managing Update Conflicts in Bayou, a Weakly Connected Replicated Storage System](http://css.csail.mit.edu/6.824/2014/papers/bayou-conflicts.pdf),” at *15th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles* (SOSP), pages 172–182, December 1995. [doi:10.1145/224056.224070](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/224056.224070)
1. Jim Gray: “[The Transaction Concept: Virtues and Limitations](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/theTransactionConcept.pdf),” at *7th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases* (VLDB), September 1981.
1. Hector Garcia-Molina and Kenneth Salem: “[Sagas](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf),” at *ACM International Conference on Management of Data* (SIGMOD), May 1987. [doi:10.1145/38713.38742](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/38713.38742)
1. Pat Helland: “[Memories, Guesses, and Apologies](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/pathelland/archive/2007/05/15/memories-guesses-and-apologies.aspx),” *blogs.msdn.com*, May 15, 2007.
1. Yoongu Kim, Ross Daly, Jeremie Kim, et al.: “[Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors](https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~yoonguk/papers/kim-isca14.pdf),” at *41st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture* (ISCA), June 2014. [doi:10.1145/2678373.2665726](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2678373.2665726)
1. Mark Seaborn and Thomas Dullien: “[Exploiting the DRAM Rowhammer Bug to Gain Kernel Privileges](https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/exploiting-dram-rowhammer-bug-to-gain.html),” *googleprojectzero.blogspot.co.uk*, March 9, 2015.
1. Jim N. Gray and Catharine van Ingen: “[Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/empirical-measurements-of-disk-failure-rates-and-error-rates/),” Microsoft Research, MSR-TR-2005-166, December 2005.
1. Annamalai Gurusami and Daniel Price: “[Bug #73170: Duplicates in Unique Secondary Index Because of Fix of Bug#68021](http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=73170),” *bugs.mysql.com*, July 2014.
1. Gary Fredericks: “[Postgres Serializability Bug](https://github.com/gfredericks/pg-serializability-bug),” *github.com*, September 2015.
1. Xiao Chen: “[HDFS DataNode Scanners and Disk Checker Explained](http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2016/12/hdfs-datanode-scanners-and-disk-checker-explained/),” *blog.cloudera.com*, December 20,
2016.
1. Jay Kreps: “[Getting Real About Distributed System Reliability](http://blog.empathybox.com/post/19574936361/getting-real-about-distributed-system-reliability),” *blog.empathybox.com*, March 19, 2012.
1. Martin Fowler: “[The LMAX Architecture](http://martinfowler.com/articles/lmax.html),” *martinfowler.com*, July 12, 2011.
1. Sam Stokes: “[Move Fast with Confidence](http://blog.samstokes.co.uk/blog/2016/07/11/move-fast-with-confidence/),” *blog.samstokes.co.uk*, July 11, 2016.
1. “[Sawtooth Lake Documentation](http://intelledger.github.io/introduction.html),” Intel Corporation, *intelledger.github.io*, 2016.
1. Richard Gendal Brown: “[Introducing R3 Corda™: A Distributed Ledger Designed for Financial Services](https://gendal.me/2016/04/05/introducing-r3-corda-a-distributed-ledger-designed-for-financial-services/),” *gendal.me*, April 5, 2016.
1. Trent McConaghy, Rodolphe Marques, Andreas Müller, et al.: “[BigchainDB: A Scalable Blockchain Database](https://www.bigchaindb.com/whitepaper/bigchaindb-whitepaper.pdf),” *bigchaindb.com*, June 8, 2016.
1. Ralph C. Merkle: “[A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~raluca/cs261-f15/readings/merkle.pdf),” at *CRYPTO '87*, August 1987. [doi:10.1007/3-540-48184-2_32](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48184-2_32)
1. Ben Laurie: “[Certificate Transparency](http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2668154),” *ACM Queue*, volume 12, number 8, pages 10-19, August 2014. [doi:10.1145/2668152.2668154](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2668152.2668154)
1. Mark D. Ryan: “[Enhanced Certificate Transparency and End-to-End Encrypted Mail](http://www.internetsociety.org/doc/enhanced-certificate-transparency-and-end-end-encrypted-mail),” at *Network and Distributed System Security Symposium* (NDSS), February 2014. [doi:10.14722/ndss.2014.23379](http://dx.doi.org/10.14722/ndss.2014.23379)
1. “<ahref="http://www.acm.org/about/se-code">Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional
Practice</a>,” Association for Computing Machinery, *acm.org*, 1999.
1. François Chollet: “[Software development is starting to involve important ethical choices](https://twitter.com/fchollet/status/792958695722201088),” *twitter.com*, October 30, 2016.
1. Igor Perisic: “[Making Hard Choices: The Quest for Ethics in Machine Learning](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/11/making-hard-choices--the-quest-for-ethics-in-machine-learning),” *engineering.linkedin.com*, November 2016.
1. John Naughton: “[Algorithm Writers Need a Code of Conduct](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/06/algorithm-writers-should-have-code-of-conduct),” *theguardian.com*, December 6, 2015.
1. Logan Kugler: “[What Happens When Big Data Blunders?](http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2016/6/202655-what-happens-when-big-data-blunders/fulltext),” *Communications of the ACM*, volume 59, number 6, pages 15–16, June 2016. [doi:10.1145/2911975](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2911975)
1. Bill Davidow: “[Welcome to Algorithmic Prison](http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/welcome-to-algorithmic-prison/283985/),” *theatlantic.com*, February 20, 2014.
1. Don Peck: “[They're Watching You at Work](http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/theyre-watching-you-at-work/354681/),” *theatlantic.com*, December 2013.
1. Leigh Alexander: “[Is an Algorithm Any Less Racist Than a Human?](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/03/algorithm-racist-human-employers-work)” *theguardian.com*, August 3, 2016.
1. Jesse Emspak: “[How a Machine Learns Prejudice](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-a-machine-learns-prejudice/),” *scientificamerican.com*, December 29, 2016.
1. Maciej Cegłowski: “[The Moral Economy of Tech](http://idlewords.com/talks/sase_panel.htm),” *idlewords.com*, June 2016.
1. Cathy O'Neil: <ahref="https://weaponsofmathdestructionbook.com/">*Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy*</a>. Crown Publishing, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-553-41881-1
1. Julia Angwin: “[Make Algorithms Accountable](http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/01/opinion/make-algorithms-accountable.html),” *nytimes.com*, August 1, 2016.
1. Bryce Goodman and Seth Flaxman: “[European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a ‘Right to Explanation’](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08813),” *arXiv:1606.08813*, August 31, 2016.
1. “[A Review of the Data Broker Industry: Collection, Use, and Sale of Consumer Data for Marketing Purposes](https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/reports?ID=57C428EC-8F20-44EE-BFB8-A570E9BE0CCC),” Staff Report, *United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation*, *commerce.senate.gov*, December 2013.
1. Olivia Solon: “[Facebook’s Failure: Did Fake News and Polarized Politics Get Trump Elected?](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/10/facebook-fake-news-election-conspiracy-theories)” *theguardian.com*, November 10, 2016.
1. Donella H. Meadows and Diana Wright: *Thinking in Systems: A Primer*. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008. ISBN: 978-1-603-58055-7
1. Daniel J. Bernstein: “[Listening to a ‘big data’/‘data science’ talk](https://twitter.com/hashbreaker/status/598076230437568512),” *twitter.com*, May 12, 2015.
1. Marc Andreessen: “[Why Software Is Eating the World](http://genius.com/Marc-andreessen-why-software-is-eating-the-world-annotated),” *The Wall Street Journal*, 20 August 2011.
1. J. M. Porup: “[‘Internet of Things’ Security Is Hilariously Broken and Getting Worse](http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/01/how-to-search-the-internet-of-things-for-photos-of-sleeping-babies/),” *arstechnica.com*, January 23, 2016.
1. Bruce Schneier: <ahref="https://www.schneier.com/books/data_and_goliath/">*Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World*</a>. W. W. Norton, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-393-35217-7
1. The Grugq: “[Nothing to Hide](https://grugq.tumblr.com/post/142799983558/nothing-to-hide),” *grugq.tumblr.com*, April 15, 2016.
1. Tony Beltramelli: “[Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05616),” Masters Thesis, IT University of Copenhagen, December 2015. Available at *arxiv.org/abs/1512.05616*
1. Shoshana Zuboff: “[Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization](http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2594754),” *Journal of Information Technology*, volume 30, number 1, pages 75–89, April 2015.[doi:10.1057/jit.2015.5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5)
1. Carina C. Zona: “[Consequences of an Insightful Algorithm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRI40A4tyWU),” at *GOTO Berlin*, November 2016.
1. Bruce Schneier: “[Data Is a Toxic Asset, So Why Not Throw It Out?](https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2016/03/data_is_a_toxic_asse.html),” *schneier.com*, March 1, 2016.
1. John E. Dunn: “[The UK’s 15 Most Infamous Data Breaches](http://www.techworld.com/security/uks-most-infamous-data-breaches-2016-3604586/),” *techworld.com*, November 18, 2016.
1. Cory Scott: “[Data is not toxic - which implies no benefit - but rather hazardous material, where we must balance need vs. want](https://twitter.com/cory_scott/status/706586399483437056),” *twitter.com*, March 6, 2016.
1. Bruce Schneier: “[Mission Creep: When Everything Is Terrorism](https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2013/07/mission_creep_when_e.html),” *schneier.com*, July 16, 2013.
1. Lena Ulbricht and Maximilian von Grafenstein: “[Big Data: Big Power Shifts?](http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/big-data-big-power-shifts),” *Internet Policy Review*, volume 5, number 1, March 2016. [doi:10.14763/2016.1.406](http://dx.doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.406)
1. Ellen P. Goodman and Julia Powles: “[Facebook and Google: Most Powerful and Secretive Empires We've Ever Known](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/28/google-facebook-powerful-secretive-empire-transparency),” *theguardian.com*, September 28, 2016.
1. [Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31995L0046), Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 281/31,
*eur-lex.europa.eu*, November 1995.
1. Brendan Van Alsenoy: “[Regulating Data Protection: The Allocation of Responsibility and Risk Among Actors Involved in Personal Data Processing](https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/545027),” Thesis, KU Leuven Centre for IT and IP Law, August 2016.
1. Michiel Rhoen: “[Beyond Consent: Improving Data Protection Through Consumer Protection Law](http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/beyond-consent-improving-data-protection-through-consumer-protection-law),” *Internet Policy Review*, volume 5, number 1, March 2016. [doi:10.14763/2016.1.404](http://dx.doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.404)
1. Jessica Leber: “[Your Data Footprint Is Affecting Your Life in Ways You Can’t Even Imagine](https://www.fastcoexist.com/3057514/your-data-footprint-is-affecting-your-life-in-ways-you-cant-even-imagine),” *fastcoexist.com*, March 15, 2016.
1. Maciej Cegłowski: “[Haunted by Data](http://idlewords.com/talks/haunted_by_data.htm),” *idlewords.com*, October 2015.
1. Sam Thielman: “[You Are Not What You Read: Librarians Purge User Data to Protect Privacy](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/13/us-library-records-purged-data-privacy),” *theguardian.com*, January 13, 2016.
1. Conor Friedersdorf: “[Edward Snowden’s Other Motive for Leaking](http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/05/edward-snowdens-other-motive-for-leaking/370068/),” *theatlantic.com*, May 13, 2014.
1. Phillip Rogaway: “[The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work](http://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/moral-fn.pdf),” Cryptology ePrint 2015/1162, December 2015.