日誌結構儲存的缺點是壓縮過程有時會干擾正在進行的讀寫操作。儘管儲存引擎嘗試增量地執行壓縮以儘量不影響併發訪問,但是硬碟資源有限,所以很容易發生某個請求需要等待硬碟先完成昂貴的壓縮操作。對吞吐量和平均響應時間的影響通常很小,但是日誌結構化儲存引擎在更高百分位的響應時間(請參閱 “[描述效能](ch1.md#描述效能)”)有時會相當長,而 B 樹的行為則相對更具有可預測性【28】。
B 樹的一個優點是每個鍵只存在於索引中的一個位置,而日誌結構化的儲存引擎可能在不同的段中有相同鍵的多個副本。這個方面使得 B 樹在想要提供強大的事務語義的資料庫中很有吸引力:在許多關係資料庫中,事務隔離是透過在鍵範圍上使用鎖來實現的,在 B 樹索引中,這些鎖可以直接附加到樹上【5】。在 [第七章](ch7.md) 中,我們將更詳細地討論這一點。
在某些情況下,從索引到堆檔案的額外跳躍對讀取來說效能損失太大,因此可能希望將被索引的行直接儲存在索引中。這被稱為聚集索引(clustered index)。例如,在 MySQL 的 InnoDB 儲存引擎中,表的主鍵總是一個聚集索引,次級索引則引用主鍵(而不是堆檔案中的位置)【31】。在 SQL Server 中,可以為每個表指定一個聚集索引【32】。
一種選擇是使用 **空間填充曲線(space-filling curve)** 將二維位置轉換為單個數字,然後使用常規 B 樹索引【34】。更普遍的是,使用特殊化的空間索引,例如 R 樹。例如,PostGIS 使用 PostgreSQL 的通用 GiST 工具【35】將地理空間索引實現為 R 樹。這裡我們沒有足夠的地方來描述 R 樹,但是有大量的文獻可供參考。
對於需要掃描數百萬行的資料倉庫查詢來說,一個巨大的瓶頸是從硬盤獲取資料到記憶體的頻寬。但是,這不是唯一的瓶頸。分析型資料庫的開發人員還需要有效地利用記憶體到 CPU 快取的頻寬,避免 CPU 指令處理流水線中的分支預測錯誤和閒置等待,以及在現代 CPU 上使用單指令多資料(SIMD)指令來加速運算【59,60】。
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