分散式鎖也在一些分散式資料庫(如Oracle Real Application Clusters(RAC)【18】)中更多的粒度級別上使用。RAC對每個磁碟頁面使用一個鎖,多個節點共享對同一個磁碟儲存系統的訪問許可權。由於這些線性一致的鎖處於事務執行的關鍵路徑上,RAC部署通常具有用於資料庫節點之間通訊的專用叢集互連網路。
特別是,我們可以使用**與因果一致(consistent with causality)** 的全序來生成序列號[^vii]:我們保證,如果操作 A 因果地發生在操作 B 前,那麼在這個全序中 A 在 B 前( A 具有比 B 更小的序列號)。並行操作之間可以任意排序。這樣一個全序關係捕獲了所有關於因果的資訊,但也施加了一個比因果性要求更為嚴格的順序。
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1. Cynthia Dwork, Nancy Lynch, and Larry Stockmeyer: “[Consensus in the Presence of Partial Synchrony](http://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/~petr/ADC-07/papers/DLS88.pdf),” *Journal of the ACM*, volume 35, number 2, pages 288–323, April 1988. [doi:10.1145/42282.42283](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/42282.42283)
1. Miguel Castro and Barbara H. Liskov: “[Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Proactive Recovery](http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs426/2012/bib/castro02practical.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 20, number 4, pages 396–461, November 2002. [doi:10.1145/571637.571640](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/571637.571640)
1. Brian M. Oki and Barbara H. Liskov: “[Viewstamped Replication: A New Primary Copy Method to Support Highly-Available Distributed Systems](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall11/cos518/papers/viewstamped.pdf),” at *7th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing* (PODC), August 1988. [doi:10.1145/62546.62549](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/62546.62549)
1. Barbara H. Liskov and James Cowling: “[Viewstamped Replication Revisited](http://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/vr-revisited.pdf),” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tech Report MIT-CSAIL-TR-2012-021, July 2012.
1. Leslie Lamport: “[The Part-Time Parliament](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/lamport-paxos.pdf),” *ACM Transactions on Computer Systems*, volume 16, number 2, pages 133–169, May 1998. [doi:10.1145/279227.279229](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279227.279229)
1. Leslie Lamport: “[Paxos Made Simple](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/paxos-simple.pdf),” *ACM SIGACT News*, volume 32, number 4, pages 51–58, December 2001.
1. Tushar Deepak Chandra, Robert Griesemer, and Joshua Redstone: “[Paxos Made Live – An Engineering Perspective](http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/08w-dsi/chandra07paxos.pdf),” at *26th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing* (PODC), June 2007.
1. Robbert van Renesse: “[Paxos Made Moderately Complex](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/rvr/Paxos/paxos.pdf),” *cs.cornell.edu*, March 2011.
1. Diego Ongaro: “[Consensus: Bridging Theory and Practice](https://github.com/ongardie/dissertation),” PhD Thesis, Stanford University, August 2014.
1. Heidi Howard, Malte Schwarzkopf, Anil Madhavapeddy, and Jon Crowcroft: “[Raft Refloated: Do We Have Consensus?](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~ms705/pub/papers/2015-osr-raft.pdf),” *ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review*, volume 49, number 1, pages 12–21, January 2015.
1. André Medeiros: “[ZooKeeper’s Atomic Broadcast Protocol: Theory and Practice](http://www.tcs.hut.fi/Studies/T-79.5001/reports/2012-deSouzaMedeiros.pdf),” Aalto University School of Science, March 20, 2012.
1. Robbert van Renesse, Nicolas Schiper, and Fred B. Schneider: “[Vive La Différence: Paxos vs. Viewstamped Replication vs. Zab](http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5671),” *IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing*,
volume 12, number 4, pages 472–484, September 2014. [doi:10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355848](http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355848)
1. Will Portnoy: “[Lessons Learned from Implementing Paxos](http://blog.willportnoy.com/2012/06/lessons-learned-from-paxos.html),” *blog.willportnoy.com*, June 14, 2012.
1. Heidi Howard, Dahlia Malkhi, and Alexander Spiegelman: “[Flexible Paxos: Quorum Intersection Revisited](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06696),” *arXiv:1608.06696*, August 24, 2016.
1. Heidi Howard and Jon Crowcroft: “[Coracle: Evaluating Consensus at the Internet Edge](http://www.sigcomm.org/sites/default/files/ccr/papers/2015/August/2829988-2790010.pdf),” at *Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication* (SIGCOMM), August 2015.
1. Kyle Kingsbury: “[Call Me Maybe: Elasticsearch 1.5.0](https://aphyr.com/posts/323-call-me-maybe-elasticsearch-1-5-0),” *aphyr.com*, April 27, 2015.
1. Ivan Kelly: “[BookKeeper Tutorial](https://github.com/ivankelly/bookkeeper-tutorial),” *github.com*, October 2014.
1. Camille Fournier: “[Consensus Systems for the Skeptical Architect](http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/61483409),” at *Craft Conference*, Budapest, Hungary, April 2015.
1. Kenneth P. Birman: “[A History of the Virtual Synchrony Replication Model](https://www.truststc.org/pubs/713.html),” in *Replication: Theory and Practice*, Springer LNCS volume 5959, chapter 6, pages 91–120, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-642-11293-5, [doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11294-2_6)