但是隨著資料量和應用計算需求的增加,越來越多的應用開始大量使用機器,這會相應地增加硬體故障率。此外在一些雲平臺(**如亞馬遜網路服務(AWS, Amazon Web Services)**)中,虛擬機器例項不可用卻沒有任何警告也是很常見的【7】,因為雲平臺的設計就是優先考慮**靈活性(flexibility)** 和**彈性(elasticity)**[^i],而不是單機可靠性。
通常報表都會展示服務的平均響應時間。 (嚴格來講“平均”一詞並不指代任何特定公式,但實際上它通常被理解為**算術平均值(arithmetic mean)**:給定 n 個值,加起來除以 n )。然而如果你想知道“**典型(typical)**”響應時間,那麼平均值並不是一個非常好的指標,因為它不能告訴你有多少使用者實際上經歷了這個延遲。
百分位點通常用於**服務級別目標(SLO, service level objectives)** 和**服務級別協議(SLA, service level agreements)**,即定義服務預期效能和可用性的合同。 SLA可能會宣告,如果服務響應時間的中位數小於200毫秒,且99.9百分位點低於1秒,則認為服務工作正常(如果響應時間更長,就認為服務不達標)。這些指標為客戶設定了期望值,並允許客戶在SLA未達標的情況下要求退款。
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