分散式鎖也在一些分散式資料庫(如Oracle Real Application Clusters(RAC)【18】)中更多的粒度級別上使用。RAC對每個磁碟頁面使用一個鎖,多個節點共享對同一個磁碟儲存系統的訪問許可權。由於這些線性一致的鎖處於事務執行的關鍵路徑上,RAC部署通常具有用於資料庫節點之間通訊的專用叢集互連網路。
* 在事務快照隔離的上下文中(“[快照隔離和可重複讀](ch7.md#快照隔離和可重複讀)”),我們說事務是從一致性快照中讀取的。但此語境中“一致”到底又是什麼意思?這意味著**與因果關係保持一致(consistent with causality)**:如果快照包含答案,它也必須包含被回答的問題【48】。在某個時間點觀察整個資料庫,與因果關係保持一致意味著:因果上在該時間點之前發生的所有操作,其影響都是可見的,但因果上在該時間點之後發生的操作,其影響對觀察者不可見。**讀偏差(read skew)**意味著讀取的資料處於違反因果關係的狀態(不可重複讀,如[圖7-6](../img/fig7-6)所示)。
特別是,我們可以使用**與因果一致(consistent with causality)**的全序來生成序列號[^vii]:我們保證,如果操作 A 因果後繼於操作 B,那麼在這個全序中 A 在 B 前( A 具有比 B 更小的序列號)。並行操作之間可以任意排序。這樣一個全序關係捕獲了所有關於因果的資訊,但也施加了一個比因果性要求更為嚴格的順序。
如前所述,單主複製透過選擇一個節點作為主庫來確定操作的全序,並在主庫的單個CPU核上對所有操作進行排序。接下來的挑戰是,如果吞吐量超出單個主庫的處理能力,這種情況下如何擴充套件系統;以及,如果主庫失效(“[處理節點宕機](#處理節點宕機)”),如何處理故障切換。在分散式系統文獻中,這個問題被稱為**全序廣播(total order broadcast)**或**原子廣播(atomic broadcast)**[^ix]【25,57,58】。
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