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This commit is contained in:
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@ -15,3 +15,6 @@
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* [第十三天, OSPF版本3](d13-OSPFv3.md)
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* [第十四天, DHCP及DNS](d14-DHCP-and-DNS.md)
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* [第十五天, 一二层排错](d15-Layer_1-and-Layer_2-Troubleshooting.md)
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* [第三十一天, 生成树协议](d31-Spanning-Tree-Protocol.md)
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* [第三十二天, 快速生成树协议](d32-Rapid-Spanning-Tree-Protocol.md)
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* [第三十三天, 以太网通道及链路聚合协议](d33-EtherChannels-and-Link-Aggregation-Protocols.md)
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@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
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##第31天任务
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+ 阅读今天的课文
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+ 完成今天的实验
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+ 阅读ICND2记诵指南
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+ 在[subneting.org](http://subnetting.org/)上花15分钟
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- 阅读今天的课文
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- 完成今天的实验
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- 阅读ICND2记诵指南
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- 在[subneting.org](http://subnetting.org/)上花15分钟
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生成树协议(Spanning Tree Protocol, STP)的作用, 是在具备冗余的交换网络拓扑中,允许存在多条物理链路的同时, 通过建立一个无循环逻辑拓扑,阻止网络上循环的发生(the role of Spanning Tree Protocol(STP) is to prevent loops from occuring on your network by creating a loop-free logical topology, while allowing physical links in redundant switched network topologies)。随着网络中所用到交换机数量的急剧增加,以及传播VLAN信息的主要目的下,围绕网络数据帧无尽循环问题开始出现。
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@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
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今天将学习以下内容。
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+ STP的需求,the need of STP
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+ STP桥ID,STP Bridge ID
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+ STP根桥选举,STP Root Bridge election
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+ STP开销及优先级,STP cost and priority
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+ STP根及候选端口,STP Root and Designated Ports
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+ STP增强,STP enhancements
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+ STP排错,Troubleshooting STP
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- STP的需求,the need of STP
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- STP桥ID,STP Bridge ID
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- STP根桥选举,STP Root Bridge election
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- STP开销及优先级,STP cost and priority
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- STP根及候选端口,STP Root and Designated Ports
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- STP增强,STP enhancements
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- STP排错,Troubleshooting STP
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本课对应了以下CCNA大纲要求。
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@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ STP运行着一种算法,用于根据所考虑的特定VLAN,决定出哪些
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**位处生成树域中的所有交换机,都使用BPDUs来沟通和交换报文。**STP利用BPDUs的交换,来确定网络拓扑,而网络拓扑则是由以下三个变量决定的。
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+ 与各台交换机相关联的唯一MAC地址(交换机识别符),the unique MAC address(switch identifier) that is associated with each switch
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- 与各台交换机相关联的唯一MAC地址(交换机识别符),the unique MAC address(switch identifier) that is associated with each switch
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+ 各个交换机端口到根桥的路径开销,the path cost to the Root Bridge associated with each switch port
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- 各个交换机端口到根桥的路径开销,the path cost to the Root Bridge associated with each switch port
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+ 各个交换机端口的端口识别符(该端口的MAC地址),the port identifier(MAC address of the port) associated with each switch port
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- 各个交换机端口的端口识别符(该端口的MAC地址),the port identifier(MAC address of the port) associated with each switch port
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BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测及拓扑信息交换。BPDUs的两个类型分别是**配置BPDUs**及**拓扑变化通知BPDUs**(Configuration BPDUs and Topology Change Notification BPDUs); 这里只会对配置BPDUs进行说明。
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@ -71,15 +71,15 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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配置BPDU交换的完成,导致以下动作。
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+ 选举出整个生成树域的根桥, a Root Switch is elected for the entire Spanning Tree domain
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- 选举出整个生成树域的根桥, a Root Switch is elected for the entire Spanning Tree domain
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+ 选举出生成树域中所有非根交换机上的根端口,a Root Port is elected on every Non-Root Switch in the Spanning Tree domain
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- 选举出生成树域中所有非根交换机上的根端口,a Root Port is elected on every Non-Root Switch in the Spanning Tree domain
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+ 选举出所有LAN网段中的候选交换机,a Designated Switch is elected for every LAN segment
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- 选举出所有LAN网段中的候选交换机,a Designated Switch is elected for every LAN segment
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+ 选举出所有网段的候选交换机的候选端口(根交换机上的所有活动端口也都是候选端口),a Designated Port is elected on the Designated Switch for every segment(all active ports on the Root Switch are also designated)
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- 选举出所有网段的候选交换机的候选端口(根交换机上的所有活动端口也都是候选端口),a Designated Port is elected on the Designated Switch for every segment(all active ports on the Root Switch are also designated)
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+ 通过阻塞冗余路径,网络中的循环得以消除,loops in the network are eliminated by blocking redundant paths
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- 通过阻塞冗余路径,网络中的循环得以消除,loops in the network are eliminated by blocking redundant paths
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> **注意:**随着逐步深入本模块内容,这些特性将会一一介绍。
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@ -119,15 +119,15 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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生成树算法(Spanning Tree Algorithm, STA)定义了STP控制下端口在进入到活动的转发状态之前,需要经历的几种状态。802.1D标准中端口状态有下面这些。
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+ 阻塞中 -- 仅接收BPDUs(为期20s), blocking -- BPDUs received only (20 seconds)
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- 阻塞中 -- 仅接收BPDUs(为期20s), blocking -- BPDUs received only (20 seconds)
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+ 侦听中 -- 有BPDUs发出和接收(为期15s),listening -- BPDUs sent and received (15 seconds)
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- 侦听中 -- 有BPDUs发出和接收(为期15s),listening -- BPDUs sent and received (15 seconds)
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+ 学习中 -- 桥接表被建立起来(为期15s),learning -- bridging table is built (15 seconds)
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- 学习中 -- 桥接表被建立起来(为期15s),learning -- bridging table is built (15 seconds)
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+ 转发中 -- 发送/接收数据,forwarding -- sending/receiving data
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- 转发中 -- 发送/接收数据,forwarding -- sending/receiving data
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+ 关闭 -- 管理性关闭,disabled -- administratively down
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- 关闭 -- 管理性关闭,disabled -- administratively down
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端口按以下方式在这些状态间依序移动。
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@ -143,11 +143,11 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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在该过程中用到**STP计时器**来控制收敛。
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+ Hello计时器 -- 2s(每个配置BPDU直接的时间)
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- Hello计时器 -- 2s(每个配置BPDU直接的时间)
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+ 转发延迟计数器 -- 15s(侦听/控制学习状态的为期),Forward Delay -- 15 seconds (controls durations of Listening/Learning states)
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- 转发延迟计数器 -- 15s(侦听/控制学习状态的为期),Forward Delay -- 15 seconds (controls durations of Listening/Learning states)
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+ 最大存活时间 -- 20s(控制阻塞状态的为期),Max Age -- 20 seconds (controls the duration of the Blocking state)
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- 最大存活时间 -- 20s(控制阻塞状态的为期),Max Age -- 20 seconds (controls the duration of the Blocking state)
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**默认收敛时间是30到50秒。**
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@ -157,17 +157,17 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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处于阻塞状态的交换机端口,完成以下动作。
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+ 丢弃在该端口上接收到的来自所连接网段的数据帧,discards frames received on the port from the attached segment
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- 丢弃在该端口上接收到的来自所连接网段的数据帧,discards frames received on the port from the attached segment
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+ 丢弃交换自另一端口的数据帧,discards frames switched from another port
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- 丢弃交换自另一端口的数据帧,discards frames switched from another port
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+ 不将工作站地址放入到其地址数据库中,does not incorporate station location into its address database
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- 不将工作站地址放入到其地址数据库中,does not incorporate station location into its address database
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+ 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs引导给系统模块,receives BPDUs and directs them to the system module
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- 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs引导给系统模块,receives BPDUs and directs them to the system module
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+ 不传送自系统模块接收到的BPDUs,does not transmit BPDUs received from the system module
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- 不传送自系统模块接收到的BPDUs,does not transmit BPDUs received from the system module
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+ 接收网络管理报文,并对这些报文进行响应,receives and responds to network management messages
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- 接收网络管理报文,并对这些报文进行响应,receives and responds to network management messages
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###生成树侦听状态
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@ -175,17 +175,17 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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侦听状态是端口在阻塞状态之后所进入的第一个过渡状态。在STP确定端口应参与到帧转发时,该端口就进入此状态。处于侦听状态的交换机端口完成以下动作。
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+ 丢弃接收自所连接网段的帧, discards frames received from the attached segment
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- 丢弃接收自所连接网段的帧, discards frames received from the attached segment
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+ 丢弃转发自另一端口的帧, discards frames switched from another port
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- 丢弃转发自另一端口的帧, discards frames switched from another port
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+ 不将工作站地址加入到其地址数据库,does not incorporate station location into its address database
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- 不将工作站地址加入到其地址数据库,does not incorporate station location into its address database
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+ 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs引导给系统模块,receives BPDUs and directs them to the system module
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- 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs引导给系统模块,receives BPDUs and directs them to the system module
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+ 接收、处理并传送接收自系统模块的BPDUs, receives, processes, and transmits BPDUs received from the system module
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- 接收、处理并传送接收自系统模块的BPDUs, receives, processes, and transmits BPDUs received from the system module
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+ 对网络管理报文进行接收和响应,receives and responds to network management messages
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- 对网络管理报文进行接收和响应,receives and responds to network management messages
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###生成树学习状态
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@ -193,17 +193,17 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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学习状态是端口所进入的第二个过渡状态。此状态在侦听状态之后,且在端口进入转发状态之前到来。在此状态中,端口学习MAC地址并将学习到的MAC地址装入到其转发表中。处于学习状态的交换机端口完成以下动作。
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+ 丢弃接收自所连接网段的帧, discards frames received from the attached segment
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- 丢弃接收自所连接网段的帧, discards frames received from the attached segment
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+ 丢弃转发自另一端口的帧, discards frames switched from another port
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- 丢弃转发自另一端口的帧, discards frames switched from another port
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+ 将工作站地址加入到其地址数据库,incorporates(installs) station location into its address database
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- 将工作站地址加入到其地址数据库,incorporates(installs) station location into its address database
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+ 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs引导给系统模块,receives BPDUs and directs them to the system module
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- 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs引导给系统模块,receives BPDUs and directs them to the system module
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+ 接收、处理并传送接收自系统模块的BPDUs, receives, processes, and transmits BPDUs received from the system module
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- 接收、处理并传送接收自系统模块的BPDUs, receives, processes, and transmits BPDUs received from the system module
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+ 对网络管理报文进行接收和响应,receives and responds to network management messages
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- 对网络管理报文进行接收和响应,receives and responds to network management messages
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###生成树转发状态
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@ -211,17 +211,17 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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转发状态是端口在学习状态之后所进入的第三个过渡状态。处于转发状态的端口对帧进行转发。处于转发状态的交换机端口完成以下动作。
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+ 转发接收自所连接网段的数据帧
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- 转发接收自所连接网段的数据帧
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+ 转发交换自另一端口的数据帧
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- 转发交换自另一端口的数据帧
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+ 将站点地址信息加入(安装)到其地址数据库
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- 将站点地址信息加入(安装)到其地址数据库
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+ 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs导向给系统模块
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- 接收BPDUs并将这些BPDUs导向给系统模块
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+ 处理接收自系统模块的BPDUs
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- 处理接收自系统模块的BPDUs
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+ 接收网络管理报文并对其进行响应
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- 接收网络管理报文并对其进行响应
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###生成树关闭状态
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@ -230,17 +230,17 @@ BPDUs都是每两秒发出的,此特性允许实现快速的网络循环探测
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关闭状态不是端口正常STP进展的部分。而是端口被网络管理员进行管理性关闭,或因为某种错误条件而被系统所关闭时,就被认为处于关闭状态。关闭的端口完成以下动作。
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+ 丢弃接收自所连接网段的数据帧
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- 丢弃接收自所连接网段的数据帧
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+ 丢弃转发自另一端口的数据帧
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- 丢弃转发自另一端口的数据帧
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+ 不将工作站地址加入其地址数据库
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- 不将工作站地址加入其地址数据库
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+ 接收BPDUs但不将这些BPDUs导向给系统模块
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- 接收BPDUs但不将这些BPDUs导向给系统模块
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+ 不接收来自系统模块的BPDUs
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- 不接收来自系统模块的BPDUs
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+ 对网络管理报文进行接收和响应
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- 对网络管理报文进行接收和响应
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##生成树桥ID
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@ -311,14 +311,14 @@ Fa0/2 128.2 19 FWD 19 32770 0008.21a9.4f80 128.2
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**考试技巧:**如要强制某台交换机成为根桥,可执行下面的命令(同时参见下图31.6)。
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+ 可以手动设置优先级
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- 可以手动设置优先级
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```
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Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan 2 priority ?
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<0-61440> bridge priority in increments of 4096
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```
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+ 或者使用宏命令`primary`或`secondary`将其设置为根桥
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- 或者使用宏命令`primary`或`secondary`将其设置为根桥
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```
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Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan 2 root ?
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@ -504,8 +504,8 @@ STP选举出两种类型用于转发BPDUs的端口:指向根桥的根端口,
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如早前指出的那样,STP对其所在环境做出以下两点假设。
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+ 所有链路都是双向的,而能够发送和接收桥协议数据单元。
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+ 所有交换机都能正常地接收、处理及发出BPDUs
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- 所有链路都是双向的,而能够发送和接收桥协议数据单元。
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- 所有交换机都能正常地接收、处理及发出BPDUs
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在现实世界的网络中,这两个假设并不总是正确。在这种情况下,STP就可能无法阻止网络中循环的形成(in situations where that is the case, STP may not be able to prevent loops from being formed within the network)。正是由于存在这种可能,且为提升基本的802.1D STA性能,思科引入了一些对IEEE 802.1D标准的增强,将在下面进行说明。
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@ -571,12 +571,12 @@ BPDU守护与BPDU过滤器两个特性常常混淆或甚至被想成是同一个
|
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|
||||
在循环守护开启时,Switch 3保持对所有非候选端口的追踪。在端口持续接收到BPDUs时,该端口就是好的;但如该端口停止接收到BPDUs,就被转移到循环不一致状态(a loop-inconsistent state)。也就是说,在循环守护开启时,STP端口状态机(the STP port state machine)被修改为在缺少BPDUs时,阻止该端口从非候选端口角色转变成候选端口角色(in other words, when Loop Guard is enabled, the STP port state machine is modified to prevent the port from transitioning from the Non-Designated Port role to the Designated Port role in the absence of BPDUs)。在应用循环守护时,应知道以下这些应用准则。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 不能在开启了根守护(Root Guard)的交换机上开启循环守护, Loop Guard cannot be enabled on a switch that also has Root Guard enabled
|
||||
+ 循环守护不影响上行快速(Uplink Fast)或骨干快速(Backbone Fast)的运行, Loop Guard does not affect Uplink Fast or Backbone Fast operation
|
||||
+ 循环守护只是必须在点对点链路上开启,Loop Guard must be enabled on Point-to-Point links only
|
||||
+ 循环守护的运行不受生成树计时器的影响,Loop Guard operation is not affected by the Spanning Tree timers
|
||||
+ 循环守护无法真正探测出一条单向链路,Loop Guard cannot actually detect a unidirectional link
|
||||
+ 循环守护无法在端口快速或动态VLAN端口上开启,Loop Guard cannot be enabled on Port Fast or Dynamic VLAN ports
|
||||
- 不能在开启了根守护(Root Guard)的交换机上开启循环守护, Loop Guard cannot be enabled on a switch that also has Root Guard enabled
|
||||
- 循环守护不影响上行快速(Uplink Fast)或骨干快速(Backbone Fast)的运行, Loop Guard does not affect Uplink Fast or Backbone Fast operation
|
||||
- 循环守护只是必须在点对点链路上开启,Loop Guard must be enabled on Point-to-Point links only
|
||||
- 循环守护的运行不受生成树计时器的影响,Loop Guard operation is not affected by the Spanning Tree timers
|
||||
- 循环守护无法真正探测出一条单向链路,Loop Guard cannot actually detect a unidirectional link
|
||||
- 循环守护无法在端口快速或动态VLAN端口上开启,Loop Guard cannot be enabled on Port Fast or Dynamic VLAN ports
|
||||
|
||||
###根守护
|
||||
|
||||
@ -658,9 +658,9 @@ RLQs的类型有两种:RLQ请求和RLQ响应。**RLQ请求典型地在根端
|
||||
|
||||
STP故障通常有以下三类(STP issues usually fall within the following three categories)。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 不正确的根桥, incorrect Root Bridge
|
||||
+ 不正确的根端口, incorrect Root Port
|
||||
+ 不正确的候选端口,incorrect Designated Port
|
||||
- 不正确的根桥, incorrect Root Bridge
|
||||
- 不正确的根端口, incorrect Root Port
|
||||
- 不正确的候选端口,incorrect Designated Port
|
||||
|
||||
###不正确的根桥
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
#第32天任务
|
||||
|
||||
+ 阅读今天的课文
|
||||
+ 复习昨天的课文
|
||||
+ 完成今天的实验
|
||||
+ 阅读ICND2记诵指南
|
||||
+ 在网站[http://subnetting.org/](subnetting.org)
|
||||
- 阅读今天的课文
|
||||
- 复习昨天的课文
|
||||
- 完成今天的实验
|
||||
- 阅读ICND2记诵指南
|
||||
- 在网站[http://subnetting.org/](subnetting.org)
|
||||
|
||||
IEEE 802.1D标准是在连通性从失去到恢复需要一分钟左右,就被认为性能已经可观的时期设计出来的。在IEEE 802.1D STP下,恢复大约需要50秒,这其中包括20秒的最大老化计时器(the Max Age timer)超时,以及额外的给端口从阻塞状态过渡到转发状态的30秒。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ IEEE 802.1D标准是在连通性从失去到恢复需要一分钟左右,就被
|
||||
|
||||
今天你将学到以下知识。
|
||||
|
||||
+ RSTP的需求, the need for RSTP
|
||||
+ 配置RSTP,RSTP configuration
|
||||
- RSTP的需求, the need for RSTP
|
||||
- 配置RSTP,RSTP configuration
|
||||
|
||||
本课对应了以下CCNA大纲要求。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -39,18 +39,18 @@ IEEE 802.1W标准,或者是快速生成树协议(Rapid Spanning Tree Protoco
|
||||
|
||||
RSTP的各种端口状态可如下这样与STP端口状态对应起来。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 关闭 -- 丢弃,Disabled -- Discarding
|
||||
+ 阻塞 -- 丢弃,Blocking -- Discarding
|
||||
+ 侦听 -- 丢弃,Listening -- Discarding
|
||||
+ 学习 -- 学习,Learning -- Learning
|
||||
+ 转发 -- 转发,Forwarding -- Forwarding
|
||||
- 关闭 -- 丢弃,Disabled -- Discarding
|
||||
- 阻塞 -- 丢弃,Blocking -- Discarding
|
||||
- 侦听 -- 丢弃,Listening -- Discarding
|
||||
- 学习 -- 学习,Learning -- Learning
|
||||
- 转发 -- 转发,Forwarding -- Forwarding
|
||||
|
||||
RSTP包含了以下的端口角色。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 根端口(转发状态), Root(Forwarding state)
|
||||
+ 候选端口(转发状态),Designated(Forwarding state)
|
||||
+ 可变端口(阻塞状态),Alternate(Blocking state)
|
||||
+ 备份端口(阻塞状态),Bakup(Blocking state)
|
||||
- 根端口(转发状态), Root(Forwarding state)
|
||||
- 候选端口(转发状态),Designated(Forwarding state)
|
||||
- 可变端口(阻塞状态),Alternate(Blocking state)
|
||||
- 备份端口(阻塞状态),Bakup(Blocking state)
|
||||
|
||||
对于考试,掌握上面这些着重号标记的内容是非常重要的,尤其是哪些端口状态转发流量(一旦网络完成收敛)。图32.2及32.3分别演示了一个RSTP可变端口及一个RSTP备份端口。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -70,15 +70,13 @@ RSTP包含了以下的端口角色。
|
||||
|
||||
###RPVST+
|
||||
|
||||
**RPVST+**
|
||||
|
||||
快速的基于各VLAN的生成树加强版,允许与PVST+一起使用802.1W(Rapid Per VLAN Spanning Tree Plus(RPVST+) allows for the use of 802.1W with PVST+)。这就允许在每个VLAN都有一个单独的RSTP实例的同时,提供比起802.1D STP所能提供的更为快速的收敛。**默认情况下,在某台思科交换机上开启RSTP时,也就在该交换机上开启了R-PVST+。**
|
||||
快速的基于各VLAN的生成树加强版,允许与PVST+ 一起使用802.1W(Rapid Per VLAN Spanning Tree Plus(RPVST+) allows for the use of 802.1W with PVST+)。这就允许在每个VLAN都有一个单独的RSTP实例的同时,提供比起802.1D STP所能提供的更为快速的收敛。**默认情况下,在某台思科交换机上开启RSTP时,也就在该交换机上开启了R-PVST+。**
|
||||
|
||||
这里有一些可用来记住IEEE STP规格字母命名的记忆窍门。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 802.1D(“经典的”生成树) -- It's dog-gone slow
|
||||
+ 802.1W(快速生成树) -- Imagine Elmer Fudd saying "rapid" as "wapid"
|
||||
+ 802.1S(多生成树) -- You add the letter "s" to nouns to make them plural(multiple) but this is a CCNP SWITCH subject
|
||||
- 802.1D(“经典的”生成树) -- It's dog-gone slow
|
||||
- 802.1W(快速生成树) -- Imagine Elmer Fudd saying "rapid" as "wapid"
|
||||
- 802.1S(多生成树) -- You add the letter "s" to nouns to make them plural(multiple) but this is a CCNP SWITCH subject
|
||||
|
||||
##RSTP的配置
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
#第33天
|
||||
|
||||
**各种以太网通道及链路聚合协议**
|
||||
**以太网通道及链路聚合协议**
|
||||
|
||||
**EtherChannels and Link Aggregation Protocols**
|
||||
|
||||
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user