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346 lines
9.5 KiB
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346 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11597-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (How to install and Configure Postfix Mail Server on CentOS 8)
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[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-configure-postfix-mailserver-centos-8/)
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[#]: author: (James Kiarie https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/james/)
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如何在 CentOS 8 上安装和配置 Postfix 邮件服务器
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======
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Postfix 是一个自由开源的 MTA(邮件传输代理),用于在 Linux 系统上路由或传递电子邮件。在本指南中,你将学习如何在 CentOS 8 上安装和配置 Postfix。
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![Install-configure-Postfx-Server-CentOS8][2]
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实验室设置:
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* 系统:CentOS 8 服务器
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* IP 地址:192.168.1.13
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* 主机名:server1.crazytechgeek.info(确保域名指向服务器的 IP)
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### 步骤 1)更新系统
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第一步是确保系统软件包是最新的。为此,请按如下所示更新系统:
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```
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# dnf update
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```
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继续之前,还请确保不存在其他 MTA(如 Sendmail),因为这将导致与 Postfix 配置冲突。例如,要删除 Sendmail,请运行以下命令:
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```
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# dnf remove sendmail
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```
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### 步骤 2)设置主机名并更新 /etc/hosts
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使用下面的 `hostnamectl` 命令在系统上设置主机名:
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```
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# hostnamectl set-hostname server1.crazytechgeek.info
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# exec bash
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```
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此外,你需要在 `/etc/hosts` 中添加系统的主机名和 IP:
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```
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# vim /etc/hosts
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192.168.1.13 server1.crazytechgeek.info
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```
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保存并退出文件。
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### 步骤 3)安装 Postfix 邮件服务器
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验证系统上没有其他 MTA 在运行后,运行以下命令安装 Postfix:
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```
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# dnf install postfix
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```
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![Install-Postfix-Centos8][3]
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### 步骤 4)启动并启用 Postfix 服务
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成功安装 Postfix 后,运行以下命令启动并启用 Postfix 服务:
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```
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# systemctl start postfix
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# systemctl enable postfix
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```
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要检查 Postfix 状态,请运行以下 `systemctl` 命令:
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```
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# systemctl status postfix
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```
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![Start-Postfix-check-status-centos8][9]
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太好了,我们已经验证了 Postfix 已启动并正在运行。接下来,我们将配置 Postfix 从本地发送邮件到我们的服务器。
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### 步骤 5)安装 mailx 邮件客户端
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在配置 Postfix 服务器之前,我们需要安装 `mailx`,要安装它,请运行以下命令:
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```
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# dnf install mailx
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```
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![Install-Mailx-CentOS8][10]
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### 步骤 6)配置 Postfix 邮件服务器
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Postfix 的配置文件位于 `/etc/postfix/main.cf` 中。我们需要对配置文件进行一些修改,因此请使用你喜欢的文本编辑器将其打开:
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```
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# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
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```
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更改以下几行:
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```
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myhostname = server1.crazytechgeek.info
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mydomain = crazytechgeek.info
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myorigin = $mydomain
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## 取消注释并将 inet_interfaces 设置为 all##
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inet_interfaces = all
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## 更改为 all ##
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inet_protocols = all
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## 注释 ##
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#mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
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## 取消注释 ##
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mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain
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## 取消注释并添加 IP 范围 ##
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mynetworks = 192.168.1.0/24, 127.0.0.0/8
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## 取消注释 ##
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home_mailbox = Maildir/
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```
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完成后,保存并退出配置文件。重新启动 postfix 服务以使更改生效:
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```
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# systemctl restart postfix
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```
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### 步骤 7)测试 Postfix 邮件服务器
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测试我们的配置是否有效,首先,创建一个测试用户。
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```
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# useradd postfixuser
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# passwd postfixuser
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```
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接下来,运行以下命令,从本地用户 `pkumar` 发送邮件到另一个用户 `postfixuser`。
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```
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# telnet localhost smtp
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或者
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# telnet localhost 25
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```
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如果未安装 telnet 服务,那么可以使用以下命令进行安装:
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```
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# dnf install telnet -y
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```
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如前所述运行命令时,应获得如下输出:
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```
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[root@linuxtechi ~]# telnet localhost 25
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Trying 127.0.0.1...
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Connected to localhost.
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Escape character is '^]'.
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220 server1.crazytechgeek.info ESMTP Postfix
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```
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上面的结果确认与 postfix 邮件服务器的连接正常。接下来,输入命令:
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```
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# ehlo localhost
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```
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输出看上去像这样:
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```
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250-server1.crazytechgeek.info
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250-PIPELINING
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250-SIZE 10240000
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250-VRFY
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250-ETRN
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250-STARTTLS
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250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
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250-8BITMIME
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250-DSN
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250 SMTPUTF8
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```
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接下来,运行橙色高亮的命令,例如 `mail from`、`rcpt to`、`data`,最后输入 `quit`:
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```
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mail from:<pkumar>
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250 2.1.0 Ok
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rcpt to:<postfixuser>
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250 2.1.5 Ok
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data
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354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
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Hello, Welcome to my mailserver (Postfix)
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.
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250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as B56BF1189BEC
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quit
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221 2.0.0 Bye
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Connection closed by foreign host
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```
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完成 `telnet` 命令可从本地用户 `pkumar` 发送邮件到另一个本地用户 `postfixuser`,如下所示:
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![Send-email-with-telnet-centos8][11]
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如果一切都按计划进行,那么你应该可以在新用户的家目录中查看发送的邮件:
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```
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# ls /home/postfixuser/Maildir/new
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1573580091.Vfd02I20050b8M635437.server1.crazytechgeek.info
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#
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```
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要阅读邮件,只需使用 cat 命令,如下所示:
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```
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# cat /home/postfixuser/Maildir/new/1573580091.Vfd02I20050b8M635437.server1.crazytechgeek.info
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```
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![Read-postfix-email-linux][12]
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### Postfix 邮件服务器日志
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Postfix 邮件服务器邮件日志保存在文件 `/var/log/maillog` 中,使用以下命令查看实时日志,
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```
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# tail -f /var/log/maillog
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```
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![postfix-maillogs-centos8][13]
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### 保护 Postfix 邮件服务器
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建议始终确保客户端和 Postfix 服务器之间的通信安全,这可以使用 SSL 证书来实现,它们可以来自受信任的权威机构或自签名证书。在本教程中,我们将使用 `openssl` 命令生成用于 Postfix 的自签名证书,
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我假设 `openssl` 已经安装在你的系统上,如果未安装,请使用以下 `dnf` 命令:
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```
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# dnf install openssl -y
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```
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使用下面的 `openssl` 命令生成私钥和 CSR(证书签名请求):
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```
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# openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout mail.key -out mail.csr
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```
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![Postfix-Key-CSR-CentOS8][14]
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现在,使用以下 openssl 命令生成自签名证书:
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```
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# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in mail.csr -signkey mail.key -out mail.crt
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Signature ok
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subject=C = IN, ST = New Delhi, L = New Delhi, O = IT, OU = IT, CN = server1.crazytechgeek.info, emailAddress = root@linuxtechi
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Getting Private key
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#
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```
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现在将私钥和证书文件复制到 `/etc/postfix` 目录下:
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```
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# cp mail.key mail.crt /etc/postfix
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```
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在 Postfix 配置文件中更新私钥和证书文件的路径:
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```
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# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
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………
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smtpd_use_tls = yes
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smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/postfix/mail.crt
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smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/postfix/mail.key
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smtpd_tls_security_level = may
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………
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```
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重启 Postfix 服务以使上述更改生效:
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```
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# systemctl restart postfix
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```
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让我们尝试使用 `mailx` 客户端将邮件发送到内部本地域和外部域。
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从 `pkumar` 发送内部本地邮件到 `postfixuser` 中:
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```
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# echo "test email" | mailx -s "Test email from Postfix MailServer" -r root@linuxtechi root@linuxtechi
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```
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使用以下命令检查并阅读邮件:
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```
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# cd /home/postfixuser/Maildir/new/
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# ll
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total 8
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-rw-------. 1 postfixuser postfixuser 476 Nov 12 17:34 1573580091.Vfd02I20050b8M635437.server1.crazytechgeek.info
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-rw-------. 1 postfixuser postfixuser 612 Nov 13 02:40 1573612845.Vfd02I20050bbM466643.server1.crazytechgeek.info
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# cat 1573612845.Vfd02I20050bbM466643.server1.crazytechgeek.info
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```
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![Read-Postfixuser-Email-CentOS8][15]
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从 `postfixuser` 发送邮件到外部域(`root@linuxtechi.com`):
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```
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# echo "External Test email" | mailx -s "Postfix MailServer" -r root@linuxtechi root@linuxtechi
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```
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注意:如果你的 IP 没有被任何地方列入黑名单,那么你发送到外部域的邮件将被发送,否则它将被退回,并提示你的 IP 被 spamhaus 之类的数据库列入黑名单。
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### 检查 Postfix 邮件队列
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使用 `mailq` 命令列出队列中的邮件:
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```
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# mailq
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Mail queue is empty
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#
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```
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完成!我们的 Postfix 配置正常工作了!目前就这样了。我们希望你觉得本教程有见地,并且你可以轻松地设置本地 Postfix 服务器。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-configure-postfix-mailserver-centos-8/
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作者:[James Kiarie][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/james/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
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[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Install-configure-Postfx-Server-CentOS8.jpg
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[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Install-Postfix-Centos8.png
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[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
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[9]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Start-Postfix-check-status-centos8.png
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[10]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Install-Mailx-CentOS8.png
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[11]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Send-email-with-telnet-centos8.png
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[12]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Read-postfix-email-linux.png
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[13]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/postfix-maillogs-centos8.png
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[14]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Postfix-Key-CSR-CentOS8.png
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[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Read-Postfixuser-Email-CentOS8.png
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