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170 lines
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170 lines
6.0 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11020-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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如何用 Linux 命令行发电子邮件
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======
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> Linux 提供了几个可以让你通过终端发送电子邮件的命令,下面来展示一些有趣的方法。
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![Molnia/iStock][1]
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Linux 可以用多种方式通过命令行发送电子邮件。有一些方法十分简单,有一些相对会复杂一些,不过仍旧提供了很多有用的特性。选择哪一种方式取决于你想要什么 —— 向同事快速发送消息,还是向一批人群发带有附件的更复杂的信息。接下来看一看几种可行方案:
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### mail
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发送一条简单消息最便捷的 Linux 命令是 `mail`。假设你需要提醒老板你今天得早点走,你可以使用这样的一条命令:
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```
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$ echo "Reminder: Leaving at 4 PM today" | mail -s "early departure" myboss
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```
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另一种方式是从一个文件中提取出你想要发送的文本信息:
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```
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$ mail -s "Reminder:Leaving early" myboss < reason4leaving
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```
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在以上两种情况中,你都可以通过 `-s` 来为邮件添加标题。
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### sendmail
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使用 `sendmail` 命令可以发送一封不包含标题的快信。(用目标收件人替换 `recip`):
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```
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$ echo "leaving now" | sendmail recip
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```
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你可以用这条命令发送一条只有标题,没有内容的信息:
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```
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$ echo "Subject: leaving now" | sendmail recip
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```
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你也可以用 `sendmail` 发送一条包含一条标题行的完整信息。不过使用这个方法时,你的标题行会被添加到要发送的文件中,如下例所示:
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```
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Subject: Requested lyrics
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I would just like to say that, in my opinion, longer hair and other flamboyant
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affectations of appearance are nothing more ...
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```
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你也可以发送这样的文件(`lyric` 文件包含标题和正文):
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```
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$ sendmail recip < lyrics
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```
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`sendmain` 的输出也可以很冗长。如果你感到好奇并希望查看发送系统和接收系统之间的交互,请添加 `-v` (verbose)选项。
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```
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$ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics
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```
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### mutt
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`mutt` 是通过命令行发送邮件的一个很好的工具,在使用前你需要安装它。`mutt` 的一个很方便的优势就是它允许你在邮件中添加附件。
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使用 `mutt` 发送一条快速信息:
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```
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$ echo "Please check last night's backups" | mutt -s "backup check" recip
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```
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从文件中获取内容:
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```
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$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip < agenda
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```
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使用 `-a` 选项在 `mutt` 中添加附件。你甚至可以添加不止一个附件 —— 如下一条命令所示:
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```
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$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers < msg
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```
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在以上的命令中,`msg` 文件包含了邮件中的正文。如果你没有其他补充的内容,你可以这样来代替之前的命令:
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```
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$ echo "" | mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers
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```
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`mutt` 另一个有用的功能是可以添加抄送(`-c`)和密送(`-b`)。
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```
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$ mutt -s "Minutes from last meeting" recip@somesite.com -c myboss < mins
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```
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### telnet
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如果你想深入了解发送电子邮件的细节,你可以使用 `telnet` 来进行电子邮件交互操作。但正如所说的那样,你需要“学习术语”。邮件服务器期望一系列命令,其中包括自我介绍(`EHLO` 命令)、提供发件人(`MAIL FROM` 命令)、指定收件人(`RCPT TO` 命令),然后添加消息(`DATA`)并以 `.` 结束消息。并不是所有的电子邮件服务器都会响应这些请求。此方法通常仅用于故障排除。
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```
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$ telnet emailsite.org 25
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Trying 192.168.0.12...
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Connected to emailsite.
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Escape character is '^]'.
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220 localhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.15.2/8.15.2/Debian-12; Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:32:13 -0400; (No UCE/UBE) logging access from: mysite(OK)-mysite [192.168.0.12]
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EHLO mysite.org <== introduce yourself
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250-localhost Hello mysite [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you
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250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
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250-PIPELINING
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250-EXPN
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250-VERB
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250-8BITMIME
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250-SIZE
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250-DSN
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250-ETRN
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250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5
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250-DELIVERBY
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250 HELP
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MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== 指定发件人
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250 2.1.0 shs@mysite.org... Sender ok
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RCPT TO: recip <== 指定收件人
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250 2.1.5 recip... Recipient ok
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DATA <== 邮件内容开始
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354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
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This is a test message. Please deliver it for me.
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. <== 内容结束
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250 2.0.0 x5CKWDds029287 Message accepted for delivery
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quit <== 结束交互
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```
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### 向多个收件人发送电子邮件
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如果你希望通过 Linux 命令行向一大组收件人发送电子邮件,你可以使用一个循环来帮助你完成任务,如下面应用在 `mutt` 中的例子:
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```
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$ for recip in `cat recips`
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do
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mutt -s "Minutes from May meeting" $recip < May_minutes
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done
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```
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### 总结
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有很多方法可以从 Linux 命令行发送电子邮件。有些工具提供了相当多的选项。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html
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作者:[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/08/email_image_blue-100732096-large.jpg
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[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
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[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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