document/TranslateProject
2
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git synced 2024-12-26 21:30:55 +08:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
f4c7fb6d1c
TranslateProject/published/20190926 How to Execute Commands on Remote Linux System over SSH.md
Xingyu Wang 7a711c3003 PUB 
@alim0x https://linux.cn/article-11440-1.html
2019-10-09 12:56:25 +08:00

412 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (alim0x)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11440-1.html)
[#]: subject: (How to Execute Commands on Remote Linux System over SSH)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/execute-run-linux-commands-remote-system-over-ssh/)
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
如何通过 SSH 在远程 Linux 系统上运行命令
======
我们有时可能需要在远程机器上运行一些命令。如果只是偶尔进行的操作，要实现这个目的，可以登录到远程系统上直接执行命令。但是每次都这么做的话，就有点烦人了。既然如此，有没有摆脱这种麻烦操作的更佳方案？
是的，你可以从你本地系统上执行这些操作，而不用登录到远程系统上。这有什么好处吗？毫无疑问。这会为你节省很多好时光。
这是怎么实现的？SSH 允许你无需登录到远程计算机就可以在它上面运行命令。
**通用语法如下所示：**
```
$ ssh [用户名]@[远程主机名或 IP] [命令或脚本]
```
### 1) 如何通过 SSH 在远程 Linux 系统上运行命令
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在远程 Linux 机器上运行 [df 命令][1]。
```
$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root 27G 4.4G 23G 17% /
devtmpfs 903M 0 903M 0% /dev
tmpfs 920M 0 920M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 920M 9.3M 910M 2% /run
tmpfs 920M 0 920M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 184M 8.0K 184M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 184M 0 184M 0% /run/user/1000
```
### 2) 如何通过 SSH 在远程 Linux 系统上运行多条命令
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在远程 Linux 机器上一次运行多条命令。
同时在远程 Linux 系统上运行 `uptime` 命令和 `free` 命令。
```
$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "uptime && free -m"
23:05:10 up 10 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.03
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1878 432 1445 1 100 134
-/+ buffers/cache: 197 1680
Swap: 3071 0 3071
```
### 3) 如何通过 SSH 在远程 Linux 系统上运行带 sudo 权限的命令
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在远程 Linux 机器上运行带有 [sudo 权限][2] 的 `fdisk` 命令。
普通用户不允许执行系统二进制（`/usr/sbin/`）目录下提供的命令。用户需要 root 权限来运行它。
所以你需要 root 权限，好在 Linux 系统上运行 [fdisk 命令][3]。`which` 命令返回给定命令的完整可执行路径。
```
$ which fdisk
/usr/sbin/fdisk
```
```
$ ssh -t daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "sudo fdisk -l"
[sudo] password for daygeek:
Disk /dev/sda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000bf685
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 62914559 30407680 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 29.0 GB, 28982640640 bytes, 56606720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Connection to centos7.2daygeek.com closed.
```
### 4) 如何通过 SSH 在远程 Linux 系统上运行带 sudo 权限的服务控制命令
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在远程 Linux 机器上运行带有 sudo 权限的服务控制命令。
```
$ ssh -t daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "sudo systemctl restart httpd"
[sudo] password for daygeek:
Connection to centos7.2daygeek.com closed.
```
### 5) 如何通过非标准端口 SSH 在远程 Linux 系统上运行命令
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在使用了非标准端口的远程 Linux 机器上运行 [hostnamectl 命令][4]。
```
$ ssh -p 2200 daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com hostnamectl
Static hostname: Ubuntu18.2daygeek.com
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm
Machine ID: 27f6c2febda84dc881f28fd145077187
Boot ID: bbeccdf932be41ddb5deae9e5f15183d
Virtualization: oracle
Operating System: Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS
Kernel: Linux 4.15.0-60-generic
Architecture: x86-64
```
### 6) 如何将远程系统的输出保存到本地系统
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在远程 Linux 机器上运行 [top 命令][5]，并将输出保存到本地系统。
```
$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "top -bc | head -n 35" > /tmp/top-output.txt
```
```
cat /tmp/top-output.txt
top - 01:13:11 up 18 min, 1 user, load average: 0.01, 0.05, 0.10
Tasks: 168 total, 1 running, 167 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 6.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 93.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem : 1882300 total, 1176324 free, 342392 used, 363584 buff/cache
KiB Swap: 2097148 total, 2097148 free, 0 used. 1348140 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
4943 daygeek 20 0 162052 2248 1612 R 10.0 0.1 0:00.07 top -bc
1 root 20 0 128276 6936 4204 S 0.0 0.4 0:03.08 /usr/lib/sy+
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kthreadd]
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.25 [ksoftirqd/+
4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/0:+
5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/0:+
7 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [migration/+
8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [rcu_bh]
9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.77 [rcu_sched]
10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [lru-add-dr+
11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 [watchdog/0]
13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kdevtmpfs]
14 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [netns]
15 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [khungtaskd]
16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [writeback]
17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kintegrity+
18 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]
19 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]
20 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]
```
或者你也可以使用以下格式在远程系统上运行多条命令：
```
$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com << EOF
hostnamectl
free -m
grep daygeek /etc/passwd
EOF
```
上面命令的输出如下：
```
Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.
Static hostname: CentOS7.2daygeek.com
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm
Machine ID: 002f47b82af248f5be1d67b67e03514c
Boot ID: dca9a1ba06374d7d96678f9461752482
Virtualization: kvm
Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
Architecture: x86-64
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1838 335 1146 11 355 1314
Swap: 2047 0 2047
daygeek:x:1000:1000:2daygeek:/home/daygeek:/bin/bash
```
### 7) 如何在远程系统上运行本地 Bash 脚本
下面的例子允许用户通过 ssh 在远程 Linux 机器上运行本地 [bash 脚本][5] `remote-test.sh`。
创建一个 shell 脚本并执行它。
```
$ vi /tmp/remote-test.sh
#!/bin/bash
#Name: remote-test.sh
#--------------------
uptime
free -m
df -h
uname -a
hostnamectl
```
上面命令的输出如下：
```
$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com 'bash -s' < /tmp/remote-test.sh
01:17:09 up 22 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.08
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1838 333 1148 11 355 1316
Swap: 2047 0 2047
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root 27G 4.4G 23G 17% /
devtmpfs 903M 0 903M 0% /dev
tmpfs 920M 0 920M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 920M 9.3M 910M 2% /run
tmpfs 920M 0 920M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 184M 12K 184M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 184M 0 184M 0% /run/user/1000
Linux CentOS7.2daygeek.com 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Static hostname: CentOS7.2daygeek.com
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm
Machine ID: 002f47b82af248f5be1d67b67e03514c
Boot ID: dca9a1ba06374d7d96678f9461752482
Virtualization: kvm
Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
Architecture: x86-64
```
或者也可以使用管道。如果你觉得输出不太好看，再做点修改让它更优雅些。
```
$ vi /tmp/remote-test-1.sh
#!/bin/bash
#Name: remote-test.sh
echo "---------System Uptime--------------------------------------------"
uptime
echo -e "\n"
echo "---------Memory Usage---------------------------------------------"
free -m
echo -e "\n"
echo "---------Disk Usage-----------------------------------------------"
df -h
echo -e "\n"
echo "---------Kernel Version-------------------------------------------"
uname -a
echo -e "\n"
echo "---------HostName Info--------------------------------------------"
hostnamectl
echo "------------------------------------------------------------------"
```
上面脚本的输出如下：
```
$ cat /tmp/remote-test.sh | ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com
Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.
---------System Uptime--------------------------------------------
03:14:09 up 2:19, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
---------Memory Usage---------------------------------------------
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1838 376 1063 11 398 1253
Swap: 2047 0 2047
---------Disk Usage-----------------------------------------------
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root 27G 4.4G 23G 17% /
devtmpfs 903M 0 903M 0% /dev
tmpfs 920M 0 920M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 920M 9.3M 910M 2% /run
tmpfs 920M 0 920M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 184M 12K 184M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 184M 0 184M 0% /run/user/1000
tmpfs 184M 0 184M 0% /run/user/0
---------Kernel Version-------------------------------------------
Linux CentOS7.2daygeek.com 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
---------HostName Info--------------------------------------------
Static hostname: CentOS7.2daygeek.com
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm
Machine ID: 002f47b82af248f5be1d67b67e03514c
Boot ID: dca9a1ba06374d7d96678f9461752482
Virtualization: kvm
Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
Architecture: x86-64
```
### 8) 如何同时在多个远程系统上运行多条指令
下面的 bash 脚本允许用户同时在多个远程系统上运行多条指令。使用简单的 `for` 循环实现。
为了实现这个目的，你可以尝试 [PSSH 命令][7] 或 [ClusterShell 命令][8] 或 [DSH 命令][9]。
```
$ vi /tmp/multiple-host.sh
for host in CentOS7.2daygeek.com CentOS6.2daygeek.com
do
ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com${host} "uname -a;uptime;date;w"
done
```
上面脚本的输出如下：
```
$ sh multiple-host.sh
Linux CentOS7.2daygeek.com 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
01:33:57 up 39 min, 1 user, load average: 0.07, 0.06, 0.06
Wed Sep 25 01:33:57 CDT 2019
01:33:57 up 39 min, 1 user, load average: 0.07, 0.06, 0.06
USER TTY FROM daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
daygeek pts/0 192.168.1.6 01:08 23:25 0.06s 0.06s -bash
Linux CentOS6.2daygeek.com 2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jun 19 21:26:04 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
23:33:58 up 39 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tue Sep 24 23:33:58 MST 2019
23:33:58 up 39 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
```
### 9) 如何使用 sshpass 命令添加一个密码
如果你觉得每次输入密码很麻烦，我建议你视你的需求选择以下方法中的一项来解决这个问题。
如果你经常进行类似的操作，我建议你设置 [免密码认证][10]，因为它是标准且永久的解决方案。
如果你一个月只是执行几次这些任务，我推荐你使用 `sshpass` 工具。只需要使用 `-p` 参数选项提供你的密码即可。
```
$ sshpass -p '在这里输入你的密码' ssh -p 2200 daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com ip a
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:18:90:7f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.12/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic eth0
valid_lft 86145sec preferred_lft 86145sec
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe18:907f/64 scope link tentative dadfailed
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/execute-run-linux-commands-remote-system-over-ssh/
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-check-disk-space-usage-df-command/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-configure-sudo-access-in-linux/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-fdisk-command-to-manage-disk-partitions/
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/four-methods-to-change-the-hostname-in-linux/
[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/understanding-linux-top-command-output-usage/
[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/
[7]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pssh-parallel-ssh-run-execute-commands-on-multiple-linux-servers/
[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/clustershell-clush-run-commands-on-cluster-nodes-remote-system-in-parallel-linux/
[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dsh-run-execute-shell-commands-on-multiple-linux-servers-at-once/
[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-setup-passwordless-ssh-key-based-authentication-linux/
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink