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Cleaning up with apt-get
Most of us with Debian-based systems use apt-get routinely to install packages and upgrades, but how often do we pull out the cleaning tools? Let's check out some of the tool's options for cleaning up after itself. Félix Prado Modified by IDG Comm. (CC0)
Running apt-get commands on a Debian-based system is routine. Packages are updated fairly frequently and commands like apt-get update and apt-get upgrade make the process quite easy. On the other hand, how often do you use apt-get clean, apt-get autoclean or apt-get autoremove?
These commands clean up after apt-get's installation operations and remove files that are still on your system but are no longer needed – often because the application that required them is no longer installed.
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apt-get clean
The apt-get clean command clears the local repository of retrieved package files that are left in /var/cache. The directories it cleans out are /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/. The only files it leaves in /var/cache/apt/archives are the lock file and the partial subdirectory.
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You might have a number of files in the directory prior to running the clean operation:
/var/cache/apt/archives/db5.3-util_5.3.28+dfsg1-0.6ubuntu1_amd64.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/db-util_1%3a5.3.21~exp1ubuntu2_all.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/lock
/var/cache/apt/archives/postfix_3.4.5-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/sasl2-bin_2.1.27+dfsg-1build3_amd64.deb
You should only have these afterwards:
$ sudo ls -lR /var/cache/apt/archives
/var/cache/apt/archives:
total 4
-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Jan 5 2018 lock
drwx------ 2 _apt root 4096 Nov 12 07:24 partial
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial:
total 0 <== empty
The apt-get clean command is generally used to clear disk space as needed, generally as part of regularly scheduled maintenance.
apt-get autoclean
The apt-get autoclean option, like apt-get clean, clears the local repository of retrieved package files, but it only removes files that can no longer be downloaded and are virtually useless. It helps to keep your cache from growing too large.
apt-get autoremove
The autoremove option removes packages that were automatically installed because some other package required them but, with those other packages removed, they are no longer needed. Sometimes, an upgrade will suggest that you run this command.
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
g++-8 gir1.2-mutter-4 libapache2-mod-php7.2 libcrystalhd3
libdouble-conversion1 libgnome-desktop-3-17 libigdgmm5 libisl19 libllvm8
liblouisutdml8 libmutter-4-0 libmysqlclient20 libpoppler85 libstdc++-8-dev
libtagc0 libvpx5 libx265-165 php7.2 php7.2-cli php7.2-common php7.2-json
php7.2-opcache php7.2-readline
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them. <==
The packages to be removed are often called "unused dependencies". In fact, a good practice to follow is to use autoremove after uninstalling a package to be sure that no unneeded files are left behind.
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作者：Sandra Henry-Stocker 选题：lujun9972 译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID