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112 lines
8.1 KiB
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How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL
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教你如何在Fedora,CentOS,RHEL中检查RPM包的依赖性
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================================================================================
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A typical RPM package on Red Hat-based systems requires all its dependent packages be installed to function properly.
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For end users, the complexity of such RPM dependency is hidden by package managers (e.g., yum or DNF) during package install/upgrade/removal process. However, if you are a sysadmin or a RPM maintainer, you need to be well-versed in RPM dependencies to maintain run-time environment for the system or roll out up-to-date RPM specs.
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我们都知道，在基于红帽的Linux系统中，一个RPM包，需要把先将它依赖的其他包安装好才能正常的工作。对于终端用户，RPM的安装、更新、删除中存在的依赖关系已经被工具透明化了（如 yum或 DNF等)。但如果你是系统管理员或者RPM包的管理员，你需要对RPM包中存在的依赖关系以及时更新、删除适当的包来保证系统的正常运行。
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In this tutorial, I am going to show **how to check RPM package dependencies**. Depending on whether a package is installed or not, there are several ways to identify its RPM dependencies.
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在本教程中，我将教大家**如何检查RPM包的依赖关系**无论这个包是否已经安装进操作系统中，我们都有一些办法来检查它们的依赖性。
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### Method One ###
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### 方法一 ###
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One way to find out RPM dependencies for a particular package is to use rpm command. The following command lists all dependent packages for a target package.
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使用RPM命令可以列出目标包所依赖的所有包，如下：
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$ rpm -qR <package-name>
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Note that this command will work only if the target package is already **installed**. If you want to check package dependencies for any **uninstalled** package, you first need to download the RPM package locally (no need to install it).
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注意，这种方法只适用于**已安装**的包。如果你需要检查一个**未安装**包的依赖关系，你需要把这个包先下载到本地来。
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To download a RPM package without installing it, use a command-line utility called `yumdownloader`. Install yumdownloader as follows.
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对于已在本地但未安装的包，可以使用叫做'yumdownloader'的工具，下面我们先安装yumdownloader：
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$ sudo yum install yum-utils
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Now let's check RPM depenencies of a uninstalled package (e.g., tcpdump). First download the package in the current folder with yumdownloader:
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现在我们来检查一个未安装的RPM包的依赖关系(本列使用 tcpdump)。首先，我们使用yumdownloader把tcpdump的RPM包下载下来
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$ yumdownloader --destdir=. tcpdump
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Then use rpm command with "-qpR" options to list dependencies of the downloaded package.
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然后再使用 "-qpR"参数显示该包的依赖关系。
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# rpm -qpR tcpdump-4.4.0-2.fc19.i686.rpm
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### Method Two ###
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### 方法二 ###
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You can also get a list of dependencies for a RPM package using repoquery tool. repoquery works whether or not a target package is installed. This tool is included in yum-utils package.
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你可以使用repoquery工具来罗列包的依赖关系，这个工具包含在yum-utils中。
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$ sudo yum install yum-utils
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To show all required packages for a particular package:
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显示目标包所依赖的包：
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$ repoquery --requires --resolve <package-name>
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For repoquery to work, your computer needs network connectivity since repoquery pulls information from Yum repositories.
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为让repoquery正常的工作，需要保持网络的畅通，应为repoquery需要在Yum库中查找信息。
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### Method Three ###
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### 方法三 ###
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The third method to show RPM package dependencies is to use rpmreaper tool.
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Originally this tool is developed to clean up unnecessary packages and their dependencies on RPM-based systems.
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rpmreaper has an ncurses-based intuitive interface for browsing installed packages and their dependency trees.
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第三个方法是使用rpmreaper工具。这个工具本来是用作清理系统中无用以及它们所依赖的包，rpmreaper有很直观的界面来展示已安装的包和它们依赖关系的树形图。
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To install rpmrepater, use yum command. On CentOS, you need to [set up EPEL repo][1] first.
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安装rpmrepater，在CentOS中，你需要先[设置好EPEL库][1]
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$ sudo yum install rpmreaper
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To browser RPM dependency trees, simply run:
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只需运行rpmreaper就可以看到RPM包的依赖关系：
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$ rpmreaper
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The rpmrepater interface will show you a list of all installed packages. You can navigate the list using up/down arrow keys.
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Press "r" on a highlighted package to show its dependencies.
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You can expand the whole dependency tree by recursively pressing "r" keys on individual dependent packages.
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The "L" flag indicates that a given package is a "leaf", meaning that no other package depends on this package.
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The "o" flag implies that a given package is in the middle of dependency chain.
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Pressing "b" on such a package will show you what other packages require the highlighted package.
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rpmrepater会向用户显示已安装包的列表，你可以使用上/下箭头来滚动屏幕。
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你可以在指定包上使用"r"键来显示其依赖关系，循环在指定包上按下"r"键可以展示出余下的信息。
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"L"标志的意思是说这个包是一片“孤叶”，意思说说没有任何包依赖它。
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"o"标志是说这个包是整个依赖链的中间部分。
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按下"b"键会显示其他依赖于该包的其他包。
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### Method Four ###
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### 方法四 ###
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Another way to show package dependencies on RPM-based systems
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is to use rpmdep which is a command-line tool for generating a full package dependency graph of
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any installed RPM package. The tool analyzes RPM dependencies, and produce partially ordered package lists from
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topological sorting. The output of this tool can be fed into dotty graph visualization tool
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to generate a dependency graph image.
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还有一个办法是使用rpmdep工具，rpmdep是一个命令行工具，可以显示已安装包的完整包依赖关系图。该工具会分析RPM包的依赖性，从完整的排完序
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的拓扑图中摘取部分包的信息，形成列表展示给用户。该工具的输出结果可以直接使用到Dotty（可视化展示工具）中去。
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To install rpmdep and dotty on Fedora:
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在Fedora中安装rpmdep和dotty：
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$ sudo yum install rpmorphan graphviz
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To install the same tools on CentOS:
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在CentOs中安装：
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$ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/rpmorphan/rpmorphan/1.14/rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm
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$ sudo rpm -ivh rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm
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$ sudo yum install graphviz
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To generate and plot a dependency graph of a particular installed package (e.g., gzip):
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生成包依赖的拓扑关系图：
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$ rpmdep.pl -dot gzip.dot gzip
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$ dot -Tpng -o output.png gzip.dot
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So far in this tutorial, I demonstrate several ways to check what other packages a given RPM package relies on.
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If you want to know more about .deb package dependencies for Debian-based systems,
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you can refer to [this guide][2] instead.
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教程到这个地方，我们用到了几种办法来检查包的依赖关系。如果您想知道如何在居于Debian的系统中检查.deb的包依赖关系，请阅读另外一篇[文档][2]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/check-rpm-package-dependencies-fedora-centos-rhel.html
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译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
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[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/07/how-to-check-package-dependencies-on-ubuntu-or-debian.html
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