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257 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
rdiff-backup – A Remote Incremental Backup Tool for Linux
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============================================================
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rdiff-backup is a powerful and easy-to-use Python script for local/remote incremental backup, which works on any POSIX operating system such as Linux, Mac OS X or [Cygwin][1]. It brings together the remarkable features of a mirror and an incremental backup.
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Significantly, it preserves subdirectories, dev files, hard links, and critical file attributes such as permissions, uid/gid ownership, modification times, extended attributes, acls, and resource forks. It can work in a bandwidth-efficient mode over a pipe, in a similar way as the popular [rsync backup tool][2].
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rdiff-backup backs up a single directory to another over a network using SSH, implying that the data transfer is encrypted thus secure. The target directory (on the remote system) ends up an exact copy of the source directory, however extra reverse diffs are stored in a special subdirectory in the target directory, making it possible to recover files lost some time ago.
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#### Dependencies
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To use rdiff-backup in Linux, you’ll need the following packages installed on your system:
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* Python v2.2 or later
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* librsync v0.9.7 or later
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* pylibacl and pyxattr Python modules are optional but necessary for POSIX access control list(ACL) and extended attribute support respectively.
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* rdiff-backup-statistics requires Python v2.4 or later.
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### How to Install rdiff-backup in Linux
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Important: If you are operating over a network, you’ll have to install rdiff-backup both systems, preferably both installations of rdiff-backup will have to be the exact same version.
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The script is already present in the official repositories of the mainstream Linux distributions, simply run the command below to install rdiff-backup as well as its dependencies:
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#### On Debian/Ubuntu
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```
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$ sudo apt-get update
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$ sudo apt-get install librsync-dev rdiff-backup
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```
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#### On CentOS/RHEL 7
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```
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# wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
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# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
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# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
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```
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#### On CentOS/RHEL 6
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```
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# wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
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# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
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# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
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```
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#### On Fedora
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```
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# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
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# dnf install librsync rdiff-backup [Fedora 22+]
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```
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### How to Use rdiff-backup in Linux
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As I mentioned before, rdiff-backup uses SSH to connect to remote machines on your network, and the default authentication in SSH is the username/password method, which normally requires human interaction.
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However, to automate tasks such as automatic backups with scripts and beyond, you will need to configure [SSH Passwordless Login Using SSH keys][3], because SSH keys increases the trust between two Linux servers for [easy file synchronization or transfer][4].
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Once you have setup [SSH Passwordless Login][5], you can start using the script with the following examples.
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#### Backup Files to Different Partition
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The example below will backup the `/etc` directory in a Backup directory on another partition:
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```
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$ sudo rdiff-backup /etc /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
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```
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[
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][6]
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Backup Files to Different Partition
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To exclude a particular directory as well as it’s subdirectories, you can use the `--exclude` option as follows:
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```
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$ sudo rdiff-backup --exclude /etc/cockpit --exclude /etc/bluetooth /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
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```
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We can include all device files, fifo files, socket files, and symbolic links with the `--include-special-files` option as below:
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```
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$ sudo rdiff-backup --include-special-files --exclude /etc/cockpit /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
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```
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There are two other important flags we can set for file selection; `--max-file-size` size which excludes files that are larger than the given size in bytes and `--min-file-size` size which excludes files that are smaller than the given size in bytes:
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```
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$ sudo rdiff-backup --max-file-size 5M --include-special-files --exclude /etc/cockpit /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
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```
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#### Backup Remote Files on Local Linux Server
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For the purpose of this section, we’ll use:
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```
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Remote Server (tecmint) : 192.168.56.102
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Local Backup Server (backup) : 192.168.56.10
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```
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As we stated before, you must install the same version of rdiff-backup on both machines, now try to check the version on both machines as follows:
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```
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$ rdiff-backup -V
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```
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[
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][7]
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Check rdiff Version on Servers
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On the backup server, create a directory which will store the backup files like so:
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```
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# mkdir -p /backups
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```
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Now from the backup server, run the following commands to make a backup of directories `/var/log/`and `/root` from remote Linux server 192.168.56.102 in `/backups`:
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```
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# rdiff-backup root@192.168.56.102::/var/log/ /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.backup
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# rdiff-backup root@192.168.56.102::/root/ /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup
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```
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The screenshot below shows the root file on remote server 192.168.56.102 and the backed up files on the back server 192.168.56.10:
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[
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][8]
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Backup Remote Directory on Local Server
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Take note of the rdiff-backup-data directory created in the `backup` directory as seen in the screenshot, it contains vital data concerning the backup process and incremental files.
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[
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][9]
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rdiff-backup – Backup Process Files
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Now, on the server 192.168.56.102, additional files have been added to the root directory as shown below:
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[
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][10]
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Verify Backup Directory
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Let’s run the backup command once more time to get the changed data, we can use the `-v[0-9]`(where the number specifies the verbosity level, default is 3 which is silent) option to set the verbosity feature:
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```
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# rdiff-backup -v4 root@192.168.56.102::/root/ /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup
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```
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[
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][11]
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Incremental Backup with Summary
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And to list the number and date of partial incremental backups contained in the /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup directory, we can run:
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```
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# rdiff-backup -l /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup/
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```
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#### Automating rdiff-back Backup Using Cron
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We can print summary statistics after a successful backup with the `--print-statistics`. However, if we don’t set this option, the info will still be available from the session statistics file. Read more concerning this option in the STATISTICS section of the man page.
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And the –remote-schema flag enables us to specify an alternative method of connecting to a remote computer.
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Now, let’s start by creating a `backup.sh` script on the backup server 192.168.56.10 as follows:
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```
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# cd ~/bin
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# vi backup.sh
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```
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Add the following lines to the script file.
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```
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#!/bin/bash
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#This is a rdiff-backup utility backup script
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#Backup command
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rdiff-backup --print-statistics --remote-schema 'ssh -C %s "sudo /usr/bin/rdiff-backup --server --restrict-read-only /"' root@192.168.56.102::/var/logs /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.back
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#Checking rdiff-backup command success/error
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status=$?
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if [ $status != 0 ]; then
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#append error message in ~/backup.log file
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echo "rdiff-backup exit Code: $status - Command Unsuccessful" >>~/backup.log;
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exit 1;
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fi
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#Remove incremental backup files older than one month
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rdiff-backup --force --remove-older-than 1M /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.back
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```
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Save the file and exit, then run the following command to add the script to the crontab on the backup server 192.168.56.10:
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```
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# crontab -e
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```
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Add this line to run your backup script daily at midnight:
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```
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0 0 * * * /root/bin/backup.sh > /dev/null 2>&1
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```
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Save the crontab and close it, now we’ve successful automated the backup process. Ensure that it is working as expected.
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Read through the rdiff-backup man page for additional info, exhaustive usage options and examples:
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```
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# man rdiff-backup
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```
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rdiff-backup Homepage: [http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/][12]
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That’s it for now! In this tutorial, we showed you how to install and basically use rdiff-backup, an easy-to-use Python script for local/remote incremental backup in Linux. Do share your thoughts with us via the feedback section below.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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作者简介：
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Aaron Kili is a Linux and F.O.S.S enthusiast, an upcoming Linux SysAdmin, web developer, and currently a content creator for TecMint who loves working with computers and strongly believes in sharing knowledge.
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------------
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/rdiff-backup-remote-incremental-backup-for-linux/
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作者：[Aaron Kili ][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-cygwin-to-run-linux-commands-on-windows-system/
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[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/
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[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ssh-passwordless-login-using-ssh-keygen-in-5-easy-steps/
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[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/sync-new-changed-modified-files-rsync-linux/
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[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/ssh-passwordless-login-using-ssh-keygen-in-5-easy-steps/
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[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Files-to-Different-Partition.png
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[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/check-rdif-versions-on-servers.png
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[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Remote-Linux-Directory-on-Local-Server.png
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[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/rdiff-backup-data-directory-contents.png
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[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/additional-files-in-root-directory.png
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[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/incremental-backup-of-root-files.png
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[12]:http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/
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[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
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[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
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[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
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