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330 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
330 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
使用 Axel 命令行下载器/加速器加速下载
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============================================================
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[Axel][7] 是一个轻量级下载程序，它和其他加速器一样，对同一个文件建立多个连接，每个连接下载单独的文件片段以更快地完成下载。
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Axel 支持 HTTP、HTTPS、FTP 和 FTPS 协议。它也可以使用多个镜像站点下载单个文件，所以，Axel 可以加速下载高达 40％（大约，我个人认为）。它非常轻量级，因为它没有依赖并且使用非常少的 CPU 和内存。
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Axel 一步到位地将所有数据直接下载到目标文件（LCTT 译注：而不是像其它的下载软件那样下载成多个文件块，然后拼接）。
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**注意**：不支持在单条命令中下载两个文件。
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你还可以尝试其他命令行下载管理器/加速器。
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* [aria2 - 超快速下载程序] [1]
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* [wget - 标准命令行下载程序] [2]
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* [curl - 命令行下载程序] [3]
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* [Linux 下的最好的 4 个命令行下载管理器/加速器] [4]
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大多数发行版（Debian、Ubuntu、Mint、Fedora、suse、openSUSE、Arch Linux、Manjaro、Mageia 等）都有 axel 包，所以我们可以从发行版官方仓库轻松安装。对于 CentOS/RHEL，我们需要启用 [EPEL Repository][5]。
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```
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[在 Debian/Ubuntu/LinuxMint 上安装 Axel]
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$ sudo apt-get install axel
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[在 RHEL/CentOS 上安装 Axel]
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$ sudo yum install axel
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[在 Fedora 上安装 Axel]
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$ sudo dnf install axel
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[在 openSUSE 上安装 Axel]
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$ sudo zypper install axel
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[在 Mageia 上安装 Axel]
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$ sudo urpmi axel
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[在基于 Arch Linux 的发行版安装 Axel]
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$ sudo pacman -S axel
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```
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#### 1) 下载单个文件
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以下命令将从给定的 URL 下载文件并存储在当前目录中，下载文件时，我们可以看到文件的信息（建立的连接数、下载速度、下载进度、完成下载所花费的时间以及连接完成的时间）。
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```
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# axel https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 146.7KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 267.0KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 373.9KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 406.9KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 487.5KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 572.6KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 650.7KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 649.3KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 718.1KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 769.3KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 838.7KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 866.0KB/s]
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Connection 0 finished
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.
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.
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [5721.0KB/s]
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Connection 2 finished
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [5733.4KB/s]
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Connection 1 finished
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [5745.4KB/s]
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[100%] .......... .......... .......... .......... ......
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Downloaded 21.6 megabytes in 3 seconds. (5755.94 KB/s)
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```
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#### 2) 用不同的名称保存文件
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要使用其他名称来保存文件，启动下载时可以添加 `-o`（小写字母）选项和文件名。这里我们使用文件名 `owncloud.tar.bz2` 来保存文件。
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```
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# axel -o cloud.tar.bz2 https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file cloud.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 143.0KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 264.1KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 309.8KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 406.3KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 495.4KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 586.3KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 673.1KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 647.1KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 721.1KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 781.3KB/s]
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Connection 2 finished
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.
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.
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Connection 0 finished
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[ 98%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [6221.9KB/s]
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[ 98%] .......... .......... .....
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Connection 1 finished
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,..... .......... .......... [6145.6KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [6159.2KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [6172.0KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [5977.9KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [5989.6KB/s]
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[100%] .......... .......... .......... .......... ......
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Downloaded 21.6 megabytes in 3 seconds. (6001.05 KB/s)
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```
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#### 3) 限制下载速度
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默认情况下 axel 以字节/秒为单位设置下载文件的最大速度。当我们的网络连接速度较慢时，可以使用此选项。只需添加 `-s` 选项，后面跟字节值。这里我们要限速 `512 KB/s` 下载一个文件。
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```
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# axel -s 512000 https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 141.5KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 266.1KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 308.0KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 405.9KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 496.7KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 526.4KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 507.0KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 505.6KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 504.8KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 503.9KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 503.4KB/s]
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.
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.
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 497.0KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 496.9KB/s]
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[100%] .......... ..
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Connection 0 finished
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,.....
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Connection 1 finished
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Connection 3 finished
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,... .......... .......... ......
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Downloaded 21.6 megabytes in 44 seconds. (494.54 KB/s)
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```
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#### 4) 限制连接数
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axel 默认建立 4 个连接以从不同的镜像获取文件。此外，我们可以通过使用 `-n` 选项添加更多的连接，后跟连接数 `10` 来提高下载速度。保险起见，我们添加了十个连接，但不幸的是，它花了更多时间来下载文件。
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```
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# axel -n 10 https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 140.8KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 265.7KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 305.4KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 402.1KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 496.3KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 522.1KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 567.5KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 640.5KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 710.8KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 780.5KB/s]
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.
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.
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[ 98%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7544.9KB/s]
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[ 98%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7557.9KB/s]
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[ 98%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7570.4KB/s]
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[ 98%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7495.3KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... ......
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Connection 2 finished
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,.... [7311.6KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7318.9KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
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Connection 9 finished
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, [7331.0KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... ..........
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Connection 3 finished
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, .......... [4300.7KB/s]
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[100%] .......... .......... .......... .......... ......
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Downloaded 21.6 megabytes in 5 seconds. (4109.41 KB/s)
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```
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#### 5) 恢复未完成的下载
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axel 默认具有恢复未完成的下载的行为。Axel 在下载文件时定期更新状态文件（扩展名为 `.st`）。由于某些原因，下载中途停止了？不用担心，只要使用相同的 axel 命令，它将会检查 `file` 和 `file.st`，如果找到，它会从停止处恢复下载。
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```
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# axel https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 140.8KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 265.7KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 305.4KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 402.1KB/s]
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[ 0%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 496.3KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 522.1KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 567.5KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 640.5KB/s]
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[ 1%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 710.8KB/s]
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[ 2%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 780.5KB/s]
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.
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.
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[ 84%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7100.7KB/s]
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[ 84%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [7104.3KB/s]
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[ 84%] .......... .......... .......... .^C
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Downloaded 18.3 megabytes in 2 seconds. (7009.79 KB/s)
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```
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上面的输出清晰地显示了在下载断开时有两个文件 `owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2` 和 `owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2.st`。当重新开始下载时，它会从停止处开始下载。
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```
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# ls -lh
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total 19M
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-rw------- 1 root root 22M Dec 27 08:33 owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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-rw------- 1 root root 44 Dec 27 08:33 owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2.st
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# axel https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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State file found: 19180828 bytes downloaded, 3497380 to go.
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Starting download
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,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,......... .......... [ 66.5KB/s]
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[ 84%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 186.0KB/s]
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[ 85%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 241.7KB/s]
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[ 85%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 335.6KB/s]
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[ 85%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 351.5KB/s]
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[ 85%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 427.1KB/s]
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[ 85%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 427.4KB/s]
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[ 86%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [ 491.5KB/s]
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.
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.
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[ 98%] ...
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Connection 0 finished
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,,,....... .......... .......... .......... .......... [2106.6KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [2140.5KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [2172.4KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [2203.2KB/s]
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[ 99%] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... [2236.2KB/s]
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[100%] .......... .......... .......... .......... ......
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Downloaded 3415.4 kilobytes in 1 second. (2264.93 KB/s)
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```
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#### 6) 不显示文件下载进度
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如果你不想要看到文件的下载进度，只要在 axel 命令中加入 `-q` 选项。
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```
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# axel -q https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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```
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#### 7) 替换进度条
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如果你不喜欢默认的进度条，你可以使用 `-a` 选项来替换进度条。
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```
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# axel -a https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Initializing download: https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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[ 66%] [......0 ...1 ..........2 ...........3] [ 5.8MB/s] [00:01]^C
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Downloaded 14.3 megabytes in 2 seconds. (5916.11 KB/s)
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```
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我们中断了上面的下载，以便在下载文件时能清楚地显示替代进度条状态。一旦文件成功下载后，你可以看到相同的输出，如下所示。
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```
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# axel -a https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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File size: 22678208 bytes
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Opening output file owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2
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Starting download
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Connection 2 finished ]
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Connection 1 finished ]
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Connection 3 finished ]
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Connection 0 finished ]
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Downloaded 21.6 megabytes in 4 seconds. (5062.32 KB/s)
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```
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#### 8) 了解关于 axel 的更多信息
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如果你想要了解更多关于 axel 的选项，只需要进入它的手册。
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```
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# man axel
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或者
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# axel --help
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```
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享受吧。。。)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.2daygeek.com/axel-command-line-downloader-accelerator-for-linux/
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作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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[1]:http://www.2daygeek.com/aria2-command-line-download-utility-tool/
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[2]:http://www.2daygeek.com/wget-command-line-download-utility-tool/
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[3]:http://www.2daygeek.com/aria2-command-line-download-utility-tool/
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[4]:https://linux.cn/article-8124-1.html
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[5]:https://linux.cn/article-2324-1.html
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[6]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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[7]:https://axel.alioth.debian.org/
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