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5.5 KiB
怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享
在本教程中,我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品,从而解决了本文这一问题。这里假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器,不过,你却有一台已经有"猫"和有线网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接到互联网,主机的网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备(如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本)以网桥的形式连接,并且没有连接到互联网。为了共享linux主机的互联网,你必须把主机转换成网关,以便它能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。
术语字汇
- 私有IP地址(路由不可达地址)是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址(在互联网中不可见)。
- 公用IP地址(路由可达地址)是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。
- IP伪装是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。
- 网络地址转换(NAT)是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。
Hardware Requirements
硬件要求
- 一台有两个接口(一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址)的linux主机,这个主机将被用作网关。
- 一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。
- 交换机/集线器(可选)。
教程步骤
接下来的过程需要在linux主机(用于共享的网关)上完成。
1、激活IP转发
为了设置网络共享,你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。
打开这个文件,定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行,移除#号(即取消注释),然后将其值设置为1,改好之后应该和下面的一致。
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
你还要使激活IP转发功能生效,通过执行下面的命令:
$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
$ sudo sysctl -p
2、NAT配置
另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置,这可以通过使用iptables的命令,iptables包含四个防火墙的规则表:
- FILTER (默认表格)
- NAT
- MANGLE
- RAW
这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格:FILTER和NAT表格。
首先,刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。
$ sudo iptables -X
$ sudo iptables -F
$ sudo iptables -t nat -X
$ sudo iptables -t nat -F
在输入表格中,你需要设置转发链(FORWARD)成可接受的(ACCEPT)目的地,因此所有通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。
$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
在NAT表中,你必须为你的WAN口启用IP伪装功能,我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术,我们使用以下的命令:
$ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
3、配置私有IP地址
在linux主机上的所有配置完成后,你需要配置其他设备(linux/windows的PC或笔记本)的DNS服务器以及默认网关,让它们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器,从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。
如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux,你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段,linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。
$ sudo ip route del default
$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
$ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf"
如果还有其他的linux设备,那么你可以重复以上命令。
如果你有windows设备,你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。
4、完整的脚本
这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口(ppp0协议)需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。
$ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare
#!/bin/bash
## Internet connection shating script
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
sysctl -p
iptables -X
iptables -F
iptables -t nat -X
iptables -t nat -F
iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare,然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。
$ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare
如果你需要这个脚本开机启动,你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中执行这个脚本,并在该文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。
/usr/local/bin/ishare
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html
译者:yujianxuechuan 校对:wxy