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300 lines
9.7 KiB
Markdown
300 lines
9.7 KiB
Markdown
ictlyh Translating
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Linux History: 24 Years Step by Step
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================================================================================
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注：youtube 视频
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<iframe width="660" height="371" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/84cHeoEebJM?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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### Pre-history ###
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Linux success would not be possible without [C programming language][1] and [GNU Project][2] – Environment of Linux.
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Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
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[Ken Thompson][1] and [Dennis Ritchie][2] was created the Unix Operation System in 1969-1970. Later was released the new [C programming language][3] – high-level and portable PL. Linux kernel written in C with some assembly code.
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Richard Matthew Stallman
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[Richard Matthew Stallman][4] started in 1984 the [GNU Project][5]. One of biggest goals — free Unix-like operation system and totally
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### 1991 – The Beginning ###
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Linus Torvalds, 1991
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[Linus Torvalds][5] begin Linux kernel development in Helsinki, Finland – witten programm for hes hardware – Intel 80386 CPU. Hi also use Minix and GNU C compiler. Here is historical message from Linus Torvalds to Minix newsgroup:
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> From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
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> Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
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> Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
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> Summary: small poll for my new operating system
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> Message-ID:
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> Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
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> Organization: University of Helsinki
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>
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>
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> Hello everybody out there using minix -
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>
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> I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and
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> professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing
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> since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on
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> things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat
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> (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons)
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> among other things).
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>
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> I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
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> This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and
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> I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions
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> are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
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>
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> Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
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After this Linux has supported by worldwide volunteers and professional specialists. Name “Linux” was defined by Linus coworker Ari Lemmke – just named directory of project on University Server.
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### 1992 ###
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Version 0.12 of Linux Kernel released under GPLv2.
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### 1993 ###
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First release of Slackware – the oldest Linux Distro with the same leader – Patrick Volkerding. Linux kernel have ~100 Developers.
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Debian
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Debian – one of largest Linux-community also created in 1991.
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### 1994 ###
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Linux 1.0 released and first GUI is available – thanks to XFree86 project.
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Red Hat Linux
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Released Red Hat Linux 1.0
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S.u.S.E Linux
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and [S.u.S.E. Linux][6] 1.0.
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### 1995 ###
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Red Hat Inc.
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Bob Young and Marc Ewing merged their local business to [Red Hat Software][7]. Linux ported to many of hardware platforms.
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### 1996 ###
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### Tux ###
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Tux Penguin – official mascot of Linux. Idea of Linus Torvalds – after visit to National Zoo & Aquarium in Canberra. Linux 2.0 released and support symmetric multiprocessing. Begin of KDE development.
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### 1997 ###
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Miguel de Icaza
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Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena begin development of GNOME – free desktop environment with application. Linus Torvalds win in Linux’s Trademark conflict and Linux becomes the registered trademark of Linus.
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### 1998 ###
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The Cathedral and the Bazaar
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[The Cathedral and the Bazaar][8] essay by Eric S. Raymond is published – highly recommend to read. Linux support from big companies: IBM, Oracle, Compaq.
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Mandrake Linux
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First release of Mandrake Linux – Red Hat Linux-based distro with K Desktop Environment.
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### 1999 ###
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First major KDE release.
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### 2000 ###
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Dell support Linux – first big hardware vendor
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### 2001 ###
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Revolution OS
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Documentary film “Revolution OS” – 20 years of GNU, Linux, Open Source, Free Software history with iterview of best hackers of Linux and Open Source World.
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### 2002 ###
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BitKeeper
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Linux now use BitKeeper – proprietary software for distributed version control.
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### 2003 ###
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SUSE
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Novell buy SuSE Linux AG for $210M. Since 2003 also started epic battle SCO Group vs IBM and Linux community for the Unix copyrights.
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Fedora
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First Release of Fedora Linux from Red Hat and Linux Community.
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### 2004 ###
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X.ORG Foundation
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The XFree86 team is dropped and join to [X.Org Foundation][9], development of X be faster.
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Ubuntu 4.10 – First Release
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### 2005 ###
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openSUSE
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Beginning of [openSUSE][10] – free version of enterprise Novell’s OS. OpenOffice.org started support of OpenDocument standards.
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### 2006 ###
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New Linux distribution – Oracle Linux based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Microsoft and Novell begin cooperation in IT and both patents protection.
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### 2007 ###
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Dell Linux Laptop
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First laptops with preinstalled Linux from Dell.
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### 2008 ###
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KDE 4.0
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KDE 4 released in non-stable condition and many users migrate to GNOME.
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### 2009 ###
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Red Hat
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Red Hat’s Linux-based success – $2.62 billion market capitalization.
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In 2009 Microsoft sumbitted first patch to Linux kernel under GPLv2 license.
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### 2010 ###
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Novell -> Attachmate
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Novell was sold to The Attachmate Group, Inc. for $2.2 billion. SUSE and Novell – two independs products in new company.
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First release of [systemd][11] and begin of Linux system revolution.
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### 2011 ###
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Unity Desktop in 2011
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Ubuntu Unity released – a lot of criticizm from users.
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GNOME 3.0, 2011
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GNOME 3.0 release – “unholy mess” by Linus Torvalds and also a lot of negative critics. Linux kernel 3.0 released.
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### 2012 ###
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15 million lines of code
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Linux kernel have a 15 million lines of code. Microsoft is one of top Linux contributors.
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### 2013 ###
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Kali Linux 1.0 released – Debian-based Linux distro for penetration testing and digital forensics. Also in 2014 Centos with code developers joined to Red Hat Inc.
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### 2014 ###
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Lennart Poettering and Kay Sievers
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systemd – default in Ubuntu and all top Linux distribution. Ubuntu have 22 000 000 users. Big Android progress – 75% of all mobile devices.
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### 2015 ###
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Linux kernel 4.0 released. Mandriva was liquidated, but have a lot of forks – Mageia is most popular.
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Written from Linux with love.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://tlhp.cf/linux-history/
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作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
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[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project
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[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson
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[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie
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[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
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[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_distributions
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[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat
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[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar
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[9]:http://www.x.org/
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[10]:https://en.opensuse.org/Main_Page
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[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd |