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214 lines
8.1 KiB
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214 lines
8.1 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (MjSeven)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12079-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Linux firewall basics with ufw)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3533551/linux-firewall-basics-with-ufw.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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Linux 防火墙 ufw 简介
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======
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> 我们来研究下 Linux 上的 ufw(简单防火墙),为你更改防火墙提供一些见解和命令。
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![][0]
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`ufw`(<ruby>简单防火墙<rt>Uncomplicated FireWall</rt></ruby>)真正地简化了 [iptables][1],它从出现的这几年,已经成为 Ubuntu 和 Debian 等系统上的默认防火墙。而且 `ufw` 出乎意料的简单,这对新管理员来说是一个福音,否则他们可能需要投入大量时间来学习防火墙管理。
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`ufw` 也有 GUI 客户端(例如 `gufw`),但是 `ufw` 命令通常在命令行上执行的。本文介绍了一些使用 `ufw` 的命令,并研究了它的工作方式。
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首先,快速查看 `ufw` 配置的方法是查看其配置文件 —— `/etc/default/ufw`。使用下面的命令可以查看其配置,使用 `grep` 来抑制了空行和注释(以 # 开头的行)的显示。
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```
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$ grep -v '^#\|^$' /etc/default/ufw
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IPV6=yes
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DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY="DROP"
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DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY="ACCEPT"
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DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="DROP"
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DEFAULT_APPLICATION_POLICY="SKIP"
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MANAGE_BUILTINS=no
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IPT_SYSCTL=/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
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IPT_MODULES="nf_conntrack_ftp nf_nat_ftp nf_conntrack_netbios_ns"
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```
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正如你所看到的,默认策略是丢弃输入但允许输出。允许你接受特定的连接的其它规则是需要单独配置的。
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`ufw` 命令的基本语法如下所示,但是这个概要并不意味着你只需要输入 `ufw` 就行,而是一个告诉你需要哪些参数的快速提示。
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```
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ufw [--dry-run] [options] [rule syntax]
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```
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`--dry-run` 选项意味着 `ufw` 不会运行你指定的命令,但会显示给你如果执行后的结果。但是它会显示假如更改后的整个规则集,因此你要做有好多行输出的准备。
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要检查 `ufw` 的状态,请运行以下命令。注意,即使是这个命令也需要使用 `sudo` 或 root 账户。
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```
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$ sudo ufw status
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Status: active
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To Action From
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-- ------ ----
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22 ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24
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9090 ALLOW Anywhere
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9090 (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
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```
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否则,你会看到以下内容:
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```
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$ ufw status
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ERROR: You need to be root to run this script
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```
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加上 `verbose` 选项会提供一些其它细节:
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```
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$ sudo ufw status verbose
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Status: active
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Logging: on (low)
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Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing), disabled (routed)
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New profiles: skip
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To Action From
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-- ------ ----
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22 ALLOW IN 192.168.0.0/24
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9090 ALLOW IN Anywhere
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9090 (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
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```
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你可以使用以下命令轻松地通过端口号允许和拒绝连接:
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```
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$ sudo ufw allow 80 <== 允许 http 访问
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$ sudo ufw deny 25 <== 拒绝 smtp 访问
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```
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你可以查看 `/etc/services` 文件来找到端口号和服务名称之间的联系。
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```
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$ grep 80/ /etc/services
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http 80/tcp www # WorldWideWeb HTTP
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socks 1080/tcp # socks proxy server
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socks 1080/udp
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http-alt 8080/tcp webcache # WWW caching service
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http-alt 8080/udp
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amanda 10080/tcp # amanda backup services
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amanda 10080/udp
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canna 5680/tcp # cannaserver
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```
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或者,你可以命令中直接使用服务的名称。
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```
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$ sudo ufw allow http
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Rule added
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Rule added (v6)
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$ sudo ufw allow https
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Rule added
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Rule added (v6)
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```
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进行更改后,你应该再次检查状态来查看是否生效:
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```
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$ sudo ufw status
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Status: active
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To Action From
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-- ------ ----
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22 ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24
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9090 ALLOW Anywhere
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80/tcp ALLOW Anywhere <==
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443/tcp ALLOW Anywhere <==
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9090 (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
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80/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) <==
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443/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) <==
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```
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`ufw` 遵循的规则存储在 `/etc/ufw` 目录中。注意,你需要 root 用户访问权限才能查看这些文件,每个文件都包含大量规则。
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```
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$ ls -ltr /etc/ufw
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total 48
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1391 Aug 15 2017 sysctl.conf
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 1004 Aug 17 2017 after.rules
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 915 Aug 17 2017 after6.rules
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 1130 Jan 5 2018 before.init
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 1126 Jan 5 2018 after.init
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 2537 Mar 25 2019 before.rules
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 6700 Mar 25 2019 before6.rules
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drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 12 08:21 applications.d
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 313 Mar 18 17:30 ufw.conf
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 1711 Mar 19 10:42 user.rules
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-rw-r----- 1 root root 1530 Mar 19 10:42 user6.rules
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```
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本文前面所作的更改,为 `http` 访问添加了端口 `80` 和为 `https` 访问添加了端口 `443`,在 `user.rules` 和 `user6.rules` 文件中看起来像这样:
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```
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# grep " 80 " user*.rules
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user6.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 80 ::/0 any ::/0 in
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user6.rules:-A ufw6-user-input -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
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user.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 80 0.0.0.0/0 any 0.0.0.0/0 in
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user.rules:-A ufw-user-input -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
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You have new mail in /var/mail/root
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# grep 443 user*.rules
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user6.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 443 ::/0 any ::/0 in
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user6.rules:-A ufw6-user-input -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
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user.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 443 0.0.0.0/0 any 0.0.0.0/0 in
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user.rules:-A ufw-user-input -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
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```
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使用 `ufw`,你还可以使用以下命令轻松地阻止来自一个 IP 地址的连接:
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```
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$ sudo ufw deny from 208.176.0.50
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Rule added
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```
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`status` 命令将显示更改:
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```
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$ sudo ufw status verbose
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Status: active
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Logging: on (low)
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Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing), disabled (routed)
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New profiles: skip
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To Action From
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-- ------ ----
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22 ALLOW IN 192.168.0.0/24
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9090 ALLOW IN Anywhere
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80/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere
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443/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere
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Anywhere DENY IN 208.176.0.50 <== new
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9090 (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
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80/tcp (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
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443/tcp (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
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```
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总而言之,`ufw` 不仅容易配置,而且且容易理解。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3533551/linux-firewall-basics-with-ufw.html
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作者:[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[0]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/cso_network_security_encryption_automation_by_vertigo3d_gettyimages-597931354_2400x1600-100798880-large.jpg
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[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2716098/working-with-iptables.html
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[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3143050/linux/linux-hardening-a-15-step-checklist-for-a-secure-linux-server.html#tk.nww-fsb
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[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/blog/itaas-and-the-corporate-storage-technology/?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE22140&utm_content=sidebar (ITAAS and Corporate Storage Strategy)
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[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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