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235 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
六个优雅的 Linux 命令行技巧
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============================================================
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> 一些非常有用的命令能让命令行的生活更满足
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使用 Linux 命令工作可以获得许多乐趣，但是如果您使用一些命令，它们可以减少您的工作或以有趣的方式显示信息时，您将获得更多的乐趣。在今天的文章中，我们将介绍六个命令，它们可能会使你用在命令行上的时间更加值当。
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### watch
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`watch` 命令会重复运行您给出的任何命令，并显示输出。默认情况下，它每两秒运行一次命令。命令的每次运行都将覆盖上一次运行时显示的内容，因此您始终可以看到最新的数据。
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您可能会在等待某人登录时使用它。在这种情况下，您可以使用 `watch who` 命令或者 `watch -n 15 who` 命令使每 15 秒运行一次，而不是两秒一次。另外终端窗口的右上角会显示日期和时间。
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```
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$ watch -n 5 who
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Every 5.0s: who stinkbug: Wed Aug 23 14:52:15 2017
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shs pts/0 2017-08-23 14:45 (192.168.0.11)
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zoe pts/1 2017-08-23 08:15 (192.168.0.19)
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```
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您也可以使用它来查看日志文件。如果您显示的数据没有任何变化，则只有窗口角落里的日期和时间会发生变化。
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```
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$ watch tail /var/log/syslog
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Every 2.0s: tail /var/log/syslog stinkbug: Wed Aug 23 15:16:37 2017
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Aug 23 14:45:01 stinkbug CRON[7214]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
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ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
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Aug 23 14:45:17 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 179 of user shs.
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Aug 23 14:55:01 stinkbug CRON[7577]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
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ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
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Aug 23 15:05:01 stinkbug CRON[7582]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
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ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
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Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd[1]: Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories...
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Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd-tmpfiles[7584]: [/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/var.conf:1
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4] Duplicate line for path "/var/log", ignoring.
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Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
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Aug 23 15:13:41 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 182 of user shs.
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Aug 23 15:14:29 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 183 of user shs.
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Aug 23 15:15:01 stinkbug CRON[7828]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
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ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
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```
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这里的输出和使用命令 `tail -f /var/log/syslog` 的输出相似。
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### look
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这个命令的名字 `look` 可能会让我们以为它和 `watch` 做类似的事情，但其实是不同的。`look` 命令用于搜索以某个特定字符串开头的单词。
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```
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$ look ecl
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eclectic
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eclectic's
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eclectically
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eclecticism
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eclecticism's
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eclectics
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eclipse
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eclipse's
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eclipsed
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eclipses
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eclipsing
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ecliptic
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ecliptic's
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```
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`look` 命令通常有助于单词的拼写，它使用 `/usr/share/dict/words` 文件，除非你使用如下的命令指定了文件名：
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```
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$ look esac .bashrc
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esac
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esac
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esac
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```
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在这种情况下，它的作用就像跟在一个 `awk` 命令后面的 `grep` ，只打印匹配行上的第一个单词。
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### man -k
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`man -k` 命令列出包含指定单词的手册页。它的工作基本上和 `apropos` 命令一样。
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```
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$ man -k logrotate
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dh_installlogrotate (1) - install logrotate config files
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logrotate (8) - rotates, compresses, and mails system logs
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logrotate.conf (5) - rotates, compresses, and mails system logs
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```
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### help
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当你完全绝望的时候，您可能会试图使用此命令，`help` 命令实际上是显示一个 shell 内置命令的列表。最令人惊讶的是它有相当多的参数变量。你可能会看到这样的东西，然后开始想知道这些内置功能可以为你做些什么：
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```
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$ help
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GNU bash, version 4.4.7(1)-release (i686-pc-linux-gnu)
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These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
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Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
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Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
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Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
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A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
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job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hist>
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(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif C>
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. filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs >
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: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigs>
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[ arg... ] let arg [arg ...]
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[[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ...
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alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n]
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bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O or>
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bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f file> popd [-n] [+N | -N]
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break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments]
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builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
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caller [expr] pwd [-LP]
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case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...)> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [->
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cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s>
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command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] o>
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compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [> return [n]
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complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] > select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMM>
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compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ..> set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option->
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continue [n] shift [n]
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coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
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declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=v> source filename [arguments]
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dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f]
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disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid > test [expr]
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echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline
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enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [na> times
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eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
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exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argume> true
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exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
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export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or ex> typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=v>
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false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [l>
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fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] o> umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
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fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
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for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMAND> unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
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for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMAN> until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
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function name { COMMANDS ; } or name > variables - Names and meanings of so>
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getopts optstring name [arg] wait [-n] [id ...]
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hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name > while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
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help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
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```
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### stat -c
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`stat` 命令用于显示文件的大小、所有者、用户组、索引节点号、权限、修改和访问时间等重要的统计信息。这是一个非常有用的命令，可以显示比 `ls -l` 更多的细节。
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```
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$ stat .bashrc
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File: .bashrc
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Size: 4048 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
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Device: 806h/2054d Inode: 421481 Links: 1
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Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs)
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Access: 2017-08-23 15:13:41.781809933 -0400
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Modify: 2017-06-21 17:37:11.875157790 -0400
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Change: 2017-06-21 17:37:11.899157791 -0400
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Birth: -
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```
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使用 `-c` 选项，您可以指定要查看的字段。例如，如果您只想查看一个文件或一系列文件的文件名和访问权限，则可以这样做：
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```
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$ stat -c '%n %a' .bashrc
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.bashrc 644
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```
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在此命令中， `%n` 表示每个文件的名称，而 `%a` 表示访问权限。`%u` 表示数字类型的 UID，而 `%U` 表示用户名。
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```
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$ stat -c '%n %a' bin/*
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bin/loop 700
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bin/move2nohup 700
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bin/nohup.out 600
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bin/show_release 700
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$ stat -c '%n %a %U' bin/*
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bin/loop 700 shs
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bin/move2nohup 700 shs
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bin/nohup.out 600 root
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bin/show_release 700 shs
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```
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### TAB
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如果你没有使用过 tab 键来补全文件名，你真的错过了一个非常有用的命令行技巧。tab 键提供文件名补全功能（包括使用 `cd` 时的目录）。它在出现歧义之前尽可能多的填充文件名（多个文件以相同的字母开头。如果您有一个名为 `bigplans` 的文件，另一个名为 `bigplans2017` 的文件会发生歧义，你将听到一个声音，然后需要决定是按下回车键还是输入 `2` 之后再按下 tab 键选择第二个文件。
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（题图：[Micah Elizabeth Scott][32] [(CC BY 2.0)][33]）
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219684/linux/half-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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译者：[firmianay](https://github.com/firmianay)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[1]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203369/lan-wan/10-most-important-open-source-networking-projects.html
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[2]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203369/lan-wan/10-most-important-open-source-networking-projects.html#tk.nww_nsdr_ndxprmomod
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[3]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3188295/linux/linux-mint-18-1-mostly-smooth-but-some-sharp-edges.html
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[4]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3188295/linux/linux-mint-18-1-mostly-smooth-but-some-sharp-edges.html#tk.nww_nsdr_ndxprmomod
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[5]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3167272/linux/open-source-users-its-time-for-extreme-vetting.html
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[6]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3167272/linux/open-source-users-its-time-for-extreme-vetting.html#tk.nww_nsdr_ndxprmomod
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[7]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3218728/linux/how-log-rotation-works-with-logrotate.html
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[8]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3194830/linux/10-unix-commands-every-mac-and-linux-user-should-know.html
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[9]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3208389/linux/unix-how-random-is-random.html
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[10]:https://www.networkworld.com/video/51206/solo-drone-has-linux-smarts-gopro-mount
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[11]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219826/mobile/prime-members-get-60-off-nucleus-anywhere-intercom-with-amazon-alexa-right-now-deal-alert.html
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[12]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3106867/consumer-electronics/32-off-pulse-solo-dimmable-led-light-with-dual-channel-bluetooth-speakers-deal-alert.html
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[13]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219685/mobile/57-off-rockbirds-6-pack-led-mini-super-bright-3-mode-tactical-flashlights-deal-alert.html
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[14]:https://www.networkworld.com/insider
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[15]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html&via=networkworld&text=Half+a+dozen+clever+Linux+command+line+tricks
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[16]:https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
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[17]:http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html&title=Half+a+dozen+clever+Linux+command+line+tricks
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[18]:https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
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[19]:http://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html&title=Half+a+dozen+clever+Linux+command+line+tricks
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[20]:http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
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[21]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219684/linux/half-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html#email
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[22]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3218728/linux/how-log-rotation-works-with-logrotate.html
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[23]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3194830/linux/10-unix-commands-every-mac-and-linux-user-should-know.html
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[24]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3208389/linux/unix-how-random-is-random.html
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[25]:https://www.networkworld.com/video/51206/solo-drone-has-linux-smarts-gopro-mount
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[26]:https://www.networkworld.com/video/51206/solo-drone-has-linux-smarts-gopro-mount
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[27]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219826/mobile/prime-members-get-60-off-nucleus-anywhere-intercom-with-amazon-alexa-right-now-deal-alert.html
|
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[28]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3106867/consumer-electronics/32-off-pulse-solo-dimmable-led-light-with-dual-channel-bluetooth-speakers-deal-alert.html
|
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[29]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219685/mobile/57-off-rockbirds-6-pack-led-mini-super-bright-3-mode-tactical-flashlights-deal-alert.html
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[30]:https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[31]:https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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[32]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/micahdowty/4630801442/in/photolist-84d4Wb-p29iHU-dscgLx-pXKT7a-pXKT7v-azMz3V-azMz7M-4Amp2h-6iyQ51-4nf4VF-5C1gt6-6P4PwG-po6JEA-p6C5Wg-6RcRbH-7GAmbK-dCkRnT-7ETcBp-4Xbhrw-dXrN8w-dXm83Z-dXrNvQ-dXrMZC-dXrMPN-pY4GdS-azMz8X-bfNoF4-azQe61-p1iUtm-87i3vj-7enNsv-6sqvJy-dXm8aD-6smkyX-5CFfGm-dXm8dD-6sqviw-6sqvVU-dXrMVd-6smkXc-dXm7Ug-deuxUg-6smker-Hd15p-6squyf-aGtnxn-6smjRX-5YtTUN-nynqYm-ea5o3c
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[33]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
|