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335 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
335 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11333-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Getting started with HTTPie for API testing)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie)
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[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshezhttps://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauleduhttps://opensource.com/users/jamesf)
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使用 HTTPie 进行 API 测试
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======
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> 使用 HTTPie 调试 API，这是一个用 Python 写的易用的命令行工具。
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[HTTPie][2] 是一个非常易用、易于升级的 HTTP 客户端。它的发音为 “aitch-tee-tee-pie” 并以 `http` 命令运行，它是一个用 Python 编写的来用于访问 Web 的命令行工具。
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由于这是一篇关于 HTTP 客户端的指导文章，因此你需要一个 HTTP 服务器来试用它。在这里，访问 [httpbin.org][3]，它是一个简单的开源 HTTP 请求和响应服务。httpbin.org 网站是一种测试 Web API 的强大方式，并能仔细管理并显示请求和响应内容，不过现在让我们专注于 HTTPie 的强大功能。
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### Wget 和 cURL 的替代品
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你可能听说过古老的 [Wget][4] 或稍微新一些的 [cURL][5] 工具，它们允许你从命令行访问 Web。它们是为访问网站而编写的，而 HTTPie 则用于访问 Web API。
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网站请求发生在计算机和正在阅读并响应它所看到的内容的最终用户之间，这并不太依赖于结构化的响应。但是，API 请求会在两台计算机之间进行*结构化*调用，人并不是该流程内的一部分，像 HTTPie 这样的命令行工具的参数可以有效地处理这个问题。
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### 安装 HTTPie
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有几种方法可以安装 HTTPie。你可以通过包管理器安装，无论你使用的是 `brew`、`apt`、`yum` 还是 `dnf`。但是，如果你已配置 [virtualenvwrapper][6]，那么你可以用自己的方式安装：
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```
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$ mkvirtualenv httpie
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...
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(httpie) $ pip install httpie
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...
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(httpie) $ deactivate
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$ alias http=~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/http
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$ http -b GET https://httpbin.org/get
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{
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"args": {},
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"headers": {
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"Accept": "*/*",
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"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
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"Host": "httpbin.org",
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"User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
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},
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"origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210",
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"url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
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}
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```
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通过将 `http` 别名指向为虚拟环境中的命令，即使虚拟环境在非活动状态，你也可以运行它。你可以将 `alias` 命令放在 `.bash_profile` 或 `.bashrc` 中，这样你就可以使用以下命令升级 HTTPie：
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```
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$ ~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/pip install -U pip
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```
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### 使用 HTTPie 查询网站
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HTTPie 可以简化查询和测试 API。上面使用了一个选项，`-b`（即 `--body`）。没有它，HTTPie 将默认打印整个响应，包括响应头：
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```
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$ http GET https://httpbin.org/get
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Encoding: gzip
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Content-Length: 177
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Content-Type: application/json
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Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:19:47 GMT
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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{
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"args": {},
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"headers": {
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"Accept": "*/*",
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"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
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"Host": "httpbin.org",
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"User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
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},
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"origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210",
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"url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
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}
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```
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这在调试 API 服务时非常重要，因为大量信息在响应头中发送。例如，查看发送的 cookie 通常很重要。httpbin.org 提供了通过 URL 路径设置 cookie（用于测试目的）的方式。以下设置一个标题为 `opensource`， 值为 `awesome` 的 cookie：
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```
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$ http GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
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HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Length: 223
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Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
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Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:22:39 GMT
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Location: /cookies
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<title>Redirecting...</title>
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<h1>Redirecting...</h1>
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<p>You should be redirected automatically to target URL:
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<a href="/cookies">/cookies</a>. If not click the link.
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```
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注意 `Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/` 的响应头。这表明你预期设置的 cookie 已正确设置，路径为 `/`。另请注意，即使你得到了 `302` 重定向，`http` 也不会遵循它。如果你想要遵循重定向，则需要明确使用 `--follow` 标志请求：
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```
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$ http --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Encoding: gzip
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Content-Length: 66
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Content-Type: application/json
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Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:33:34 GMT
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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{
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"cookies": {
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"opensource": "awesome"
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}
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}
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```
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但此时你无法看到原来的 `Set-Cookie` 头。为了看到中间响应，你需要使用 `--all`：
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```
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$ http --headers --all --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
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HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
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Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:40 GMT
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Location: /cookies
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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Content-Length: 223
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Connection: keep-alive
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Content-Encoding: gzip
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Content-Type: application/json
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Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:41 GMT
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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Content-Length: 66
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Connection: keep-alive
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```
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打印响应体并不有趣，因为你大多数时候只关心 cookie。如果你想看到中间请求的响应头，而不是最终请求中的响应体，你可以使用：
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```
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$ http --print hb --history-print h --all --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
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HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
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Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT
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Location: /cookies
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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Content-Length: 223
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Connection: keep-alive
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Content-Encoding: gzip
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Content-Type: application/json
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Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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Content-Length: 66
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Connection: keep-alive
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{
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"cookies": {
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"opensource": "awesome"
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}
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}
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```
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你可以使用 `--print` 精确控制打印的内容（`h`：响应头；`b`：响应体），并使用 `--history-print` 覆盖中间请求的打印内容设置。
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### 使用 HTTPie 下载二进制文件
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有时响应体并不是文本形式，它需要发送到可被不同应用打开的文件：
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```
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$ http GET https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Length: 35588
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Content-Type: image/jpeg
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Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:25:49 GMT
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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+-----------------------------------------+
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| NOTE: binary data not shown in terminal |
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+-----------------------------------------+
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```
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要得到正确的图片，你需要保存到文件：
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```
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$ http --download GET https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
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Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Length: 35588
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Content-Type: image/jpeg
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Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:28:13 GMT
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Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
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Server: nginx
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X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
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X-Frame-Options: DENY
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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Downloading 34.75 kB to "jpeg.jpe"
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Done. 34.75 kB in 0.00068s (50.05 MB/s)
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```
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试一下！图片很可爱。
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### 使用 HTTPie 发送自定义请求
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你可以发送指定的请求头。这对于需要非标准头的自定义 Web API 很有用：
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```
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$ http GET https://httpbin.org/headers X-Open-Source-Com:Awesome
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{
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"headers": {
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"Accept": "*/*",
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"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
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"Host": "httpbin.org",
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"User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2",
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"X-Open-Source-Com": "Awesome"
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}
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}
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```
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最后，如果要发送 JSON 字段（尽管可以指定确切的内容），对于许多嵌套较少的输入，你可以使用快捷方式：
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```
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$ http --body PUT https://httpbin.org/anything open-source=awesome author=moshez
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{
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"args": {},
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"data": "{\"open-source\": \"awesome\", \"author\": \"moshez\"}",
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"files": {},
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"form": {},
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"headers": {
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"Accept": "application/json, */*",
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"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
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"Content-Length": "46",
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"Content-Type": "application/json",
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"Host": "httpbin.org",
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"User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
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},
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"json": {
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"author": "moshez",
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"open-source": "awesome"
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},
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"method": "PUT",
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"origin": "73.162.254.113, 73.162.254.113",
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"url": "https://httpbin.org/anything"
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}
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```
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下次在调试 Web API 时，无论是你自己的还是别人的，记得放下 cURL，试试 HTTPie 这个命令行工具。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie
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作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshezhttps://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauleduhttps://opensource.com/users/jamesf
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/pie-raspberry-bake-make-food.png?itok=QRV_R8Fa (Raspberry pie with slice missing)
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[2]: https://httpie.org/
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[3]: https://github.com/postmanlabs/httpbin
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wget
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[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURL
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[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/virtual-environments-python-macos
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