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命令行星期二 —— 第一篇
极客们，我们又回来了！真抱歉让你们久等了，但我保证，我们又回归正轨了。我们满怀热情与大家相约，让我们激情燃烧，寻找刺激吧:)
现在，整个的想法已经在之前的开场白中告诉你们了，所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像肖茨先生书里讲得那样，我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西，终端模拟器又是个什么东西，因为我们要在这里头干活。
肖茨在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序，它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机；它也是某种形式的翻译器，将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门，但是活得最好的要数bash了，它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell，这是一个精巧的双关语，因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先sh后，Brian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈！GUN人和他们的幽默，真的很精明。:)
接下来我所需要，是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西，它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个，至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了，可能是KDE的Konsole，也可能是Gnome的Gnome terminal等等。肖茨先生说了，你可以挖掘出你所偏爱的一个，但是大部分时间我还是用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。
现在来发动你的终端。打开后，你会见到一行字，这行字告诉你用户名和机器的主机名，它叫作shell提示符。它告诉你它准备好了，你可以输入命令了。让我们来随便玩玩，随便输入点什么东西进去，然后敲回车看看。
呵呵，还记开篇我们讲过，我们需要像学诗歌一样来学习命令吗？记得就好，随意乱来可干不了啥事。
现在，按那个上箭头，你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法？你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令，所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了，你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标，这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外注意，想用ctrl+v来粘贴文本是不行的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键，但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键！（在Konsole中，它位于设置 > 配置快捷键）
现在，为了我们不再被‘命令找不到’抽一巴掌，让我们试试一些简单的。敲个date来试试。（是的，我不知道有这么个命令，这真着实让我兴奋了一把）:)
你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时，为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像肖茨书里写的那样，它确实是个简单的命令，更有用也更复杂的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。
你也可以试试df，它会列出你驱动器上的空闲空间。
或者试试free来显示空闲内存：
如果你已经跟上了敲击键盘的节奏，你可以输入exit命令来关闭终端模拟器了，而不是去点击那个x了。
嗯，本周我们就到此为止吧，免得有太多的要学的东西来占据你紧巴巴的日程了。下面来个小结（你可以把结论写下来，做个备份吧），在这一篇中，我们学习了：
- 什么是shell
- 我们需要用什么来和shell交流（终端模拟器）
- 使用光标按钮来驾驭终端命令以及退出终端
四个简单的命令：
- date – 显示当前日期
- cal – 显示当前月份的日历
- df – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives
- free – amount of free memory
下周二我们将会做什么呢？
我们会学习在文件系统中导航（bin、etc等等这所有的文件夹都是些什么东西？它们用来干什么？怎样通过终端来浏览它们）。到那时……
你就有得乐了！
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/