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323 lines
8.7 KiB
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323 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
[#]: subject: "Boost the power of C with these open source libraries"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/5/libsoup-gobject-c"
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[#]: author: "Joël Krähemann https://opensource.com/users/joel2001k"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: "Donkey-Hao"
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[#]: reviewer: " wxy"
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[#]: publisher: "wxy"
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[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15065-1.html"
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使用开源库 GObject 和 libsoup 提升 C 语言编程能力
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======
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> 开源库 GObject 和 libsoup 做了很多工作，因此你可以专注于使用 C 语言开发神奇的应用。
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<ruby>[GLib 对象系统][2]<rt>Object System</rt></ruby>（GObject）是一个为 C 语言提供灵活且可扩展的面向对象框架的库。在这篇文章中，我将使用该库的 2.4 版本进行演示。
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GObject 库继承了 ANSI C 标准，拥有一些常见的数据类型，例如：
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* `gchar`：字符型
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* `guchar`：无符号字符型
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* `gunichar`：32 位定宽 Unicode 字符型
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* `gboolean`：布尔型
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* `gint8`、`gint16`、`gint32`、`gint64`：有符号 8、16、32 和 64 位整数
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* `guint8`、`guint16`、`guint32`、`guint64`：无符号 8、16、32 和 64 位整数
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* `gfloat`：IEEE 754 标准单精度浮点数
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* `gdouble`：IEEE 754 标准双精度浮点数
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* `gpointer`：泛指针
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### 函数指针
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GObject 库还引入了类和接口的类型和对象体系。之所以可以，是因为 ANSI C 语言可以理解函数指针。
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你可以这样做来声明函数指针：
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```
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void (*my_callback)(gpointer data);
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```
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首先，你需要给变量 `my_callback` 赋值：
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```
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void my_callback_func(gpointer data)
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{
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//do something
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}
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my_callback = my_callback_func;
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```
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函数指针 `my_callback` 可以这样来调用：
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```
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gpointer data;
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data = g_malloc(512 * sizeof(gint16));
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my_callback(data);
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```
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### 对象类
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`GObject` 基类由 2 个结构（`GObject` 和 `GObjectClass`）组成，你可以继承它们以实现你自己的对象。
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你需要在结构体中先嵌入 `GObject` 和 `GObjectClass`：
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```
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struct _MyObject
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{
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GObject gobject;
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//your fields
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};
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struct _MyObjectClass
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{
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GObjectClass gobject;
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//your class methods
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};
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GType my_object_get_type(void);
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```
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对象的实现包含了公有成员。GObject 也提供了私有成员的方法。这实际上是 C 源文件中的一个结构，而不是在头文件。该类通常只包含函数指针。
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一个接口不能派生自另一个接口，比如：
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```
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struct _MyInterface
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{
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GInterface ginterface;
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//your interface methods
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};
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```
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通过调用 `g_object_get()` 和 `g_object_set()` 函数来访问属性。若要获取属性，你必须提供特定类型的返回位置。建议先初始化返回位置：
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```
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gchar *str
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str = NULL;
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g_object_get(gobject,
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"my-name", &str,
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NULL);
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```
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或者你想要设置属性：
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```
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g_object_set(gobject,
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"my-name", "Anderson",
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NULL);
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```
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### libsoup HTTP 库
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`libsoup` 项目为 GNOME 提供了 HTTP 客服端和服务端使用的库。它使用 GObjects 和 glib 主循环与集成到 GNOME 应用，并且还具有用于命令行的同步 API。
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首先，创建一个特定身份验证回调的 `libsoup` 会话。你也可以使用 cookie。
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```
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SoupSession *soup_session;
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SoupCookieJar *jar;
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soup_session = soup_session_new_with_options(SOUP_SESSION_ADD_FEATURE_BY_TYPE, SOUP_TYPE_AUTH_BASIC,
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SOUP_SESSION_ADD_FEATURE_BY_TYPE, SOUP_TYPE_AUTH_DIGEST,
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NULL);
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jar = soup_cookie_jar_text_new("cookies.txt",
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FALSE);
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soup_session_add_feature(soup_session, jar);
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g_signal_connect(soup_session, "authenticate",
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G_CALLBACK(my_authenticate_callback), NULL);
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```
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然后你可以像这样创建一个 HTTP GET 请求：
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```
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SoupMessage *msg;
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SoupMessageHeaders *response_headers;
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SoupMessageBody *response_body;
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guint status;
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GError *error;
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msg = soup_form_request_new("GET",
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"http://127.0.0.1:8080/my-xmlrpc",
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NULL);
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status = soup_session_send_message(soup_session,
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msg);
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response_headers = NULL;
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response_body = NULL;
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g_object_get(msg,
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"response-headers", &response_headers,
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"response-body", &response_body,
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NULL);
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g_message("status %d", status);
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cookie = NULL;
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soup_message_headers_iter_init(&iter,
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response_headers);
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while(soup_message_headers_iter_next(&iter, &name, &value)){
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g_message("%s: %s", name, value);
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}
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g_message("%s", response_body->data);
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if(status == 200){
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cookie = soup_cookies_from_response(msg);
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while(cookie != NULL){
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char *cookie_name;
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cookie_name = soup_cookie_get_name(cookie->data);
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//parse cookies
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cookie = cookie->next;
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}
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}
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```
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当网络服务器进行身份认证时，会调用身份认证回调函数。
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这是一个函数签名：
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```
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#define MY_AUTHENTICATE_LOGIN "my-username"
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#define MY_AUTHENTICATE_PASSWORD "my-password"
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void my_authenticate_callback(SoupSession *session,
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SoupMessage *msg,
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SoupAuth *auth,
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gboolean retrying,
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gpointer user_data)
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{
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g_message("authenticate: ****");
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soup_auth_authenticate(auth,
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MY_AUTHENTICATE_LOGIN,
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MY_AUTHENTICATE_PASSWORD);
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}
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```
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### 一个 libsoup 服务器
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想要基础的 HTTP 身份认证能够运行，你需要指定回调函数和服务器上下文路径。然后再添加一个带有另一个回调的处理程序。
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下面这个例子展示了在 8080 端口监听任何 IPv4 地址的消息：
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```
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SoupServer *soup_server;
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SoupAuthDomain *auth_domain;
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GSocket *ip4_socket;
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GSocketAddress *ip4_address;
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MyObject *my_object;
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GError *error;
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soup_server = soup_server_new(NULL);
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auth_domain = soup_auth_domain_basic_new(SOUP_AUTH_DOMAIN_REALM, "my-realm",
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SOUP_AUTH_DOMAIN_BASIC_AUTH_CALLBACK, my_xmlrpc_server_auth_callback,
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SOUP_AUTH_DOMAIN_BASIC_AUTH_DATA, my_object,
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SOUP_AUTH_DOMAIN_ADD_PATH, "my-xmlrpc",
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NULL);
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soup_server_add_auth_domain(soup_server, auth_domain);
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soup_server_add_handler(soup_server,
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"my-xmlrpc",
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my_xmlrpc_server_callback,
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my_object,
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NULL);
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ip4_socket = g_socket_new(G_SOCKET_FAMILY_IPV4,
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G_SOCKET_TYPE_STREAM,
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G_SOCKET_PROTOCOL_TCP,
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&error);
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ip4_address = g_inet_socket_address_new(g_inet_address_new_any(G_SOCKET_FAMILY_IPV4),
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8080);
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error = NULL;
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g_socket_bind(ip4_socket,
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ip4_address,
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TRUE,
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&error);
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error = NULL;
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g_socket_listen(ip4_socket, &error);
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error = NULL;
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soup_server_listen_socket(soup_server,
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ip4_socket, 0, &error);
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```
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示例代码中，有两个回调函数。一个处理身份认证，另一个处理对它的请求。
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假设你想要网页服务器允许用户名为 `my-username` 和口令为 `my-password` 的凭证登录，并且用一个随机且唯一的用户 ID 字符串设置会话 cookie。
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```
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gboolean my_xmlrpc_server_auth_callback(SoupAuthDomain *domain,
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SoupMessage *msg,
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const char *username,
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const char *password,
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MyObject *my_object)
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{
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if(username == NULL || password == NULL){
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return(FALSE);
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}
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if(!strcmp(username, "my-username") &&
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!strcmp(password, "my-password")){
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SoupCookie *session_cookie;
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GSList *cookie;
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gchar *security_token;
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cookie = NULL;
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security_token = g_uuid_string_random();
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session_cookie = soup_cookie_new("my-srv-security-token",
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security_token,
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"localhost",
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"my-xmlrpc",
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-1);
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cookie = g_slist_prepend(cookie,
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session_cookie);
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soup_cookies_to_request(cookie,
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msg);
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return(TRUE);
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}
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return(FALSE);
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}
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```
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对上下文路径 `my-xmlrpc` 进行处理的函数：
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```
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void my_xmlrpc_server_callback(SoupServer *soup_server,
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SoupMessage *msg,
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const char *path,
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GHashTable *query,
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SoupClientContext *client,
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MyObject *my_object)
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{
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GSList *cookie;
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cookie = soup_cookies_from_request(msg);
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//check cookies
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}
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```
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### 更加强大的 C 语言
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希望我的示例展现了 GObject 和 libsoup 项目给 C 语言带来了真正的提升。像这样在字面意义上扩展 C 语言，可以使 C 语言更易于使用。它们已经为你做了许多工作，这样你可以专注于用 C 语言开发简单、直接的应用程序了。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/22/5/libsoup-gobject-c
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作者：[Joël Krähemann][a]
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选题：[lkxed][b]
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译者：[Donkey-Hao](https://github.com/Donkey-Hao)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/joel2001k
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/computer_code_programming_laptop.jpg
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[2]: https://docs.gtk.org/gobject/concepts.html
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