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sources/tech/20190422 How To Monitor Disk I-O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux.md
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How To Monitor Disk I/O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux?
Do you know what are the tools we can use for troubleshooting or monitoring real-time disk activity in Linux?
If Linux system performance gets slow down we may use top command to see the system performance.
It is used to check what are the processes are consuming high utilization on server.
It’s common for most of the Linux administrator.
It’s widely used by Linux administrator in the real world.
If you don’t see much difference in the process output still you have an option to check other things.
I would like to advise you to check wa status in the top output because most of the time the server performance will be degraded due to high I/O Read and Write on hard disk.
If it’s high or fluctuation, it could be a cause. So, we need to check I/O activity on hard drive.
We can monitory disk I/O statistics for all disks and file system in Linux system using iotop and iostat commands.
What Is iotop?
iotop is a top-like utility for displaying real-time disk activity.
iotop watches I/O usage information output by the Linux kernel and displays a table of current I/O usage by processes or threads on the system.
It displays the I/O bandwidth read and written by each process/thread. It also displays the percentage of time the thread/process spent while swapping in and while waiting on I/O.
Total DISK READ and Total DISK WRITE values represent total read and write bandwidth between processes and kernel threads on the one side and kernel block device subsystem on the other.
Actual DISK READ and Actual DISK WRITE values represent corresponding bandwidths for actual disk I/O between kernel block device subsystem and underlying hardware (HDD, SSD, etc.).
How To Install iotop In Linux?
We can easily install it with help of package manager since the package is available in all the Linux distributions repository.
For Fedora system, use DNF Command to install iotop.
$ sudo dnf install iotop
For Debian/Ubuntu systems, use APT-GET Command or APT Command to install iotop.
$ sudo apt install iotop
For Arch Linux based systems, use Pacman Command to install iotop.
$ sudo pacman -S iotop
For RHEL/CentOS systems, use YUM Command to install iotop.
$ sudo yum install iotop
For openSUSE Leap system, use Zypper Command to install iotop.
$ sudo zypper install iotop
How To Monitor Disk I/O Activity/Statistics In Linux Using iotop Command?
There are many options are available in iotop command to check varies statistics about disk I/O.
Run the iotop command without any arguments to see each process or thread current I/O usage.
# iotop
If you would like to check which process are actually doing IO then run the iotop command with -o or --only option.
# iotop --only
Details:
IO:It shows I/O utilization for each process, which includes disk and swap.SWAPIN:It shows only the swap usage of each process.
What Is iostat?
iostat is used to report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for devices and partitions.
The iostat command is used for monitoring system input/output device loading by observing the time the devices are active in relation to their average transfer rates.
The iostat command generates reports that can be used to change system configuration to better balance the input/output load between physical disks.
All statistics are reported each time the iostat command is run. The report consists of a CPU header row followed by a row of CPU statistics.
On multiprocessor systems, CPU statistics are calculated system-wide as averages among all processors. A device header row is displayed followed by a line of statistics for each device that is configured.
The iostat command generates two types of reports, the CPU Utilization report and the Device Utilization report.
How To Install iostat In Linux?
iostat tool is part of sysstat package so, We can easily install it with help of package manager since the package is available in all the Linux distributions repository.
For Fedora system, use DNF Command to install sysstat.
$ sudo dnf install sysstat
For Debian/Ubuntu systems, use APT-GET Command or APT Command to install sysstat.
$ sudo apt install sysstat
For Arch Linux based systems, use Pacman Command to install sysstat.
$ sudo pacman -S sysstat
For RHEL/CentOS systems, use YUM Command to install sysstat.
$ sudo yum install sysstat
For openSUSE Leap system, use Zypper Command to install sysstat.
$ sudo zypper install sysstat
How To Monitor Disk I/O Activity/Statistics In Linux Using sysstat Command?
There are many options are available in iostat command to check varies statistics about disk I/O and CPU.
Run the iostat command without any arguments to see complete statistics of the system.
# iostat
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
29.45 0.02 16.47 0.12 0.00 53.94
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_dscd/s kB_read kB_wrtn kB_dscd
nvme0n1 6.68 126.95 124.97 0.00 58420014 57507206 0
sda 0.18 6.77 80.24 0.00 3115036 36924764 0
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2160 0 0
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1093 0 0
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1077 0 0
Run the iostat command with -d option to see I/O statistics for all the devices
# iostat -d
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_dscd/s kB_read kB_wrtn kB_dscd
nvme0n1 6.68 126.95 124.97 0.00 58420030 57509090 0
sda 0.18 6.77 80.24 0.00 3115292 36924764 0
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2160 0 0
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1093 0 0
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1077 0 0
Run the iostat command with -p option to see I/O statistics for all the devices and their partitions.
# iostat -p
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
29.42 0.02 16.45 0.12 0.00 53.99
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_dscd/s kB_read kB_wrtn kB_dscd
nvme0n1 6.68 126.94 124.96 0.00 58420062 57512278 0
nvme0n1p1 6.40 124.46 118.36 0.00 57279753 54474898 0
nvme0n1p2 0.27 2.47 6.60 0.00 1138069 3037380 0
sda 0.18 6.77 80.23 0.00 3116060 36924764 0
sda1 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 3224 0 0
sda2 0.18 6.76 80.23 0.00 3111508 36924764 0
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2160 0 0
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1093 0 0
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1077 0 0
Run the iostat command with -x option to see detailed I/O statistics for all the devices.
# iostat -x
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
29.41 0.02 16.45 0.12 0.00 54.00
Device r/s rkB/s rrqm/s %rrqm r_await rareq-sz w/s wkB/s wrqm/s %wrqm w_await wareq-sz d/s dkB/s drqm/s %drqm d_await dareq-sz aqu-sz %util
nvme0n1 2.45 126.93 0.60 19.74 0.40 51.74 4.23 124.96 5.12 54.76 3.16 29.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 30.28
sda 0.06 6.77 0.00 0.00 8.34 119.20 0.12 80.23 19.94 99.40 31.84 670.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 19.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 12.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 19.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Run the iostat command with -d [Device_Name] option to see I/O statistics of particular device and their partitions.
# iostat -p [Device_Name]
# iostat -p sda
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
29.38 0.02 16.43 0.12 0.00 54.05
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_dscd/s kB_read kB_wrtn kB_dscd
sda 0.18 6.77 80.21 0.00 3117468 36924764 0
sda2 0.18 6.76 80.21 0.00 3112916 36924764 0
sda1 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 3224 0 0
Run the iostat command with -m option to see I/O statistics with MB for all the devices instead of KB. By default it shows the output with KB.
# iostat -m
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
29.36 0.02 16.41 0.12 0.00 54.09
Device tps MB_read/s MB_wrtn/s MB_dscd/s MB_read MB_wrtn MB_dscd
nvme0n1 6.68 0.12 0.12 0.00 57050 56176 0
sda 0.18 0.01 0.08 0.00 3045 36059 0
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0 0
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0 0
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0 0
Run the iostat command with certain interval then use the following format. In this example, we are going to capture totally two reports at five seconds interval.
# iostat [Interval] [Number Of Reports]
# iostat 5 2
Linux 4.19.32-1-MANJARO (daygeek-Y700) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
29.35 0.02 16.41 0.12 0.00 54.10
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_dscd/s kB_read kB_wrtn kB_dscd
nvme0n1 6.68 126.89 124.95 0.00 58420116 57525344 0
sda 0.18 6.77 80.20 0.00 3118492 36924764 0
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2160 0 0
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1093 0 0
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1077 0 0
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
3.71 0.00 2.51 0.05 0.00 93.73
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_dscd/s kB_read kB_wrtn kB_dscd
nvme0n1 19.00 0.20 311.40 0.00 1 1557 0
sda 0.20 25.60 0.00 0.00 128 0 0
loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
Run the iostat command with -N option to see the LVM disk I/O statistics report.
# iostat -N
Linux 4.15.0-47-generic (Ubuntu18.2daygeek.com) Thursday 18 April 2019 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.38 0.07 0.18 0.26 0.00 99.12
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn
sda 3.60 57.07 69.06 968729 1172340
sdb 0.02 0.33 0.00 5680 0
sdc 0.01 0.12 0.00 2108 0
2g-2gvol1 0.00 0.07 0.00 1204 0
Run the nfsiostat command to see the I/O statistics for Network File System(NFS).
# nfsiostat
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/monitor-disk-io-activity-using-iotop-iostat-command-in-linux/
作者：Magesh Maruthamuthu 选题：lujun9972 译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID