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116 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
116 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
Linux:使用bash删除目录中的特定文件
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![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/terminal.png)
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我是一名Linux新用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件,其实我就是想从~/Download/文件夹删去除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件:
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- *.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。
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- *.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。
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我如何在一个基于Linux,OS X 或者 Unix-like 系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢?
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Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如:
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- * - 匹配所有的文件。
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- ? - 匹配文件名中的单个字母。
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- [...] - 匹配封闭括号中的任何一个字母。
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### 策略 #1: 见识一下扩展的模式匹配符 ###
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这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项,然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了,这些模式匹配符如下:
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1. ?(模式列表) - 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。
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1. *(模式列表) - 匹配零次或多次给定的模式。
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1. +(模式列表) - 至少匹配一次给定的模式。
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1. @(模式列表) - 匹配一次给定的模式。
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1. !(模式列表) - 不匹配给定模式。
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一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式(文件名)。
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首先要打开extgolb选项:
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shopt -s extglob
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#### 在Bash中删掉除*.zip和*.iso文件以外的所有文件 ####
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rm 命令的语法格式为:
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## 仅保留 file1 文件 ##
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rm !(file1)
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## 仅保留 file1 和 file2 文件##
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rm !(file1|file2)
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## 仅保留 zip 文件 ##
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rm !(*.zip)
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## 仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ##
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rm !(*.zip|*.iso)
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## 你也可以使用完整的目录 ##
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rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3)
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## 也可以传递参数 ##
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rm [选项] !(*.zip|*.iso)
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rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso)
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rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso)
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rm -v -i !(*.php)
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最后,关闭 extglob 选项方法如下:
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shopt -u extglob
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### 策略 #2: 使用bash的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除指定文件以外的所有文件 ###
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摘自 [bash(1)][1] 手册页:
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> 这是一个用冒号分开的模式列表,通过路径展开方式定义了要忽略的文件集合。如果一个匹配到路径展开模式的文件也匹配GLOBIGNORE中的模式,那么它会从匹配列表中移除。
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要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件,应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE:
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## 只在 BASH 中可行 ##
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cd ~/Downloads/
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GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso
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rm -v *
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unset GLOBIGNORE
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### 策略 #3: 用 find 命令删除所有其它文件仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ###
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如果你正在使用 tcsh/csh/sh/ksh 或者其它shell,你可以在Unix-like系统上试着用下面find命令的语法格式来删除文件:
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find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -delete
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或者
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## 对于怪异的文件名可以使用 xargs ##
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find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {}
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find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [选项] {}
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想要删除 ~/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件,键入:
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find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete
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或者
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find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {}
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只保留 *.zip 和 *.iso 文件的语法如下:
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find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete
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更多信息参见[bash command man page][1]和[find command man page][2]。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/
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译者:[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对:[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
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[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html
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