mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-13 22:30:37 +08:00
249 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
249 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# 用 dpkg 命令在 Debian 系的系统中管理软件包
|
||
|
||
[dpkg][7] 表示 Debian package manager (dpkg), Debian 软件包管理。dpkg 是一个可以安装、构建、删除及管理 Debian 软件包的命令行工具。dpkg 将 Aptitude（主要并且用户友好的）作为执行所有操作的前端。
|
||
|
||
dpkg 被 dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 等工具作为执行操作的前端。
|
||
|
||
现在大多数系统管理员使用 Apt，[Apt-Get][6] 及 Aptitude 等工具，不用维护就可以轻松地管理软件。
|
||
|
||
尽管如此，必要的时候还是需要用 dpkg 来安装某些软件。在 Linux 系统上广泛使用的包管理工具有 [yum][5], [dnf][4], [apt-get][3], dpkg, [rpm][2], [Zypper][1], pacman, urpmi 等等。
|
||
|
||
现在，我要在装有 Ubuntu 15.10 的机器上用一些实例讲解最常用的 dpkg 命令。
|
||
|
||
### 1) dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件位置
|
||
|
||
下面是 dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件的位置，如果想深入了解，对你肯定大有益处。
|
||
|
||
<iframe marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" height="90" width="728" id="_mN_gpt_827143833" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></iframe>
|
||
```
|
||
[General syntax for dpkg]
|
||
$ dpkg -[command] [.deb package name]
|
||
|
||
$ dpkg -[command] [package name]
|
||
|
||
[dpkg releated files location]
|
||
$ /var/lib/dpkg
|
||
|
||
[This file contain modified package info by dpkg command like (install, remove, etc..,)]
|
||
$ /var/lib/dpkg/status
|
||
|
||
[This file contain available package list]
|
||
$ /var/lib/dpkg/status
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 2) 安装/升级软件
|
||
|
||
在基于 Debian 的系统里，比如 Debian， Mint， Ubuntu 和 elementryOS，用以下命令来安装/升级 .deb 软件包。这里我要用 atom-amd64.deb 文件安装 Atom。要是已经安装了 Atom，就会升级它。要么就会安装一个新的 Atom。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[Install/Upgrade dpkg packages]
|
||
$ sudo dpkg -i atom-amd64.deb
|
||
Selecting previously unselected package atom.
|
||
(Reading database ... 426102 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||
Preparing to unpack atom-amd64.deb ...
|
||
Unpacking atom (1.5.3) over (1.5.3) ...
|
||
Setting up atom (1.5.3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
|
||
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 3) 从文件夹里安装软件
|
||
|
||
在基于 Debian 的系统中，用下列命令从目录下递归的安装软件。这会安装 /opt/software 目录下的所有以 .deb 为后缀的软件。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo dpkg -iR /opt/software
|
||
Selecting previously unselected package atom.
|
||
(Reading database ... 423303 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||
Preparing to unpack /opt/software/atom-amd64.deb ...
|
||
Unpacking atom (1.5.3) ...
|
||
Setting up atom (1.5.3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
|
||
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 4) 显示已安装软件列表
|
||
|
||
以下命令可以列出 Debian 系的系统中所有已安装的软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -l
|
||
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
|
||
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|
||
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
|
||
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
|
||
+++-===========================-==================================-============-================================================================
|
||
ii account-plugin-aim 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for AIM
|
||
ii account-plugin-facebook 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - facebook
|
||
ii account-plugin-flickr 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - flickr
|
||
ii account-plugin-google 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon
|
||
ii account-plugin-jabber 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Jabber/XMPP
|
||
ii account-plugin-salut 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Local XMPP (Salut)
|
||
.
|
||
.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 5) 查看指定的已安装软件
|
||
|
||
用以下命令列出指定的一个已安装软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。
|
||
|
||
<iframe marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" height="90" width="728" id="_mN_gpt_827143833" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></iframe>
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -l atom
|
||
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
|
||
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|
||
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
|
||
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
|
||
+++-==========-=========-===================-============================================
|
||
ii atom 1.5.3 amd64 A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 6) 查看软件安装目录
|
||
|
||
以下命令可以在基于 Debian 的系统上查看软件的安装路径。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -L atom
|
||
/.
|
||
/usr
|
||
/usr/bin
|
||
/usr/bin/atom
|
||
/usr/share
|
||
/usr/share/lintian
|
||
/usr/share/lintian/overrides
|
||
/usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom
|
||
/usr/share/pixmaps
|
||
/usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png
|
||
/usr/share/doc
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 7) 查看 deb 包内容
|
||
|
||
下列命令可以查看 deb 包内容。它会显示 .deb 包中的一系列文件。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -c atom-amd64.deb
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/
|
||
-rwxr-xr-x root/root 3067 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/atom
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/
|
||
-rw-r--r-- root/root 299 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/
|
||
-rw-r--r-- root/root 643183 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png
|
||
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/doc/
|
||
.
|
||
.
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 8) 显示软件的详细信息
|
||
|
||
以下命令可以显示软件的详细信息，如软件名，软件类别，版本，维护者，软件架构，依赖的软件，软件描述等等。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -s atom
|
||
Package: atom
|
||
Status: install ok installed
|
||
Priority: optional
|
||
Section: devel
|
||
Installed-Size: 213496
|
||
Maintainer: GitHub <atom@github.com>Architecture: amd64
|
||
Version: 1.5.3
|
||
Depends: git, gconf2, gconf-service, libgtk2.0-0, libudev0 | libudev1, libgcrypt11 | libgcrypt20, libnotify4, libxtst6, libnss3, python, gvfs-bin, xdg-utils, libcap2
|
||
Recommends: lsb-release
|
||
Suggests: libgnome-keyring0, gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0
|
||
Description: A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
|
||
Atom is a free and open source text editor that is modern, approachable, and hackable to the core.</atom@github.com>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 9) 查看文件属于哪个软件
|
||
|
||
用以下命令来查看文件属于哪个软件。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -S /usr/bin/atom
|
||
atom: /usr/bin/atom
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 10) 移除/删除软件
|
||
|
||
以下命令可以用来移除/删除一个已经安装的软件，但不删除配置文件。
|
||
|
||
<iframe marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" height="90" width="728" id="_mN_gpt_827143833" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></iframe>
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo dpkg -r atom
|
||
(Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||
Removing atom (1.5.3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
|
||
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 11) 清除软件
|
||
|
||
以下命令可以用来移除/删除包括配置文件在内的所有文件。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo dpkg -P atom
|
||
(Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||
Removing atom (1.5.3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
|
||
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
|
||
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
|
||
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 12) 了解更多
|
||
|
||
用以下命令来查看更多关于 dpkg 的信息。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ dpkg -help
|
||
or
|
||
$ man dpkg
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
开始体验 dpkg 吧。
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: http://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-examples/
|
||
|
||
作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU ][a]
|
||
|
||
译者：[GitFuture](https://github.com/GitFuture)
|
||
|
||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||
[1]:http://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples/
|
||
[2]:http://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
|
||
[3]:http://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples/
|
||
[4]:http://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples/
|
||
[5]:http://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples/
|
||
[6]:http://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples/
|
||
[7]:https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg
|
||
[8]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|