10 KiB
用 dpkg 命令在 Debian 系的系统中管理软件包
[dpkg][7] 表示 Debian package manager (dpkg), Debian 软件包管理。dpkg 是一个可以安装、构建、删除及管理 Debian 软件包的命令行工具。dpkg 将 Aptitude（主要并且用户友好的）作为执行所有操作的前端。
dpkg 被 dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 等工具作为执行操作的前端。
现在大多数系统管理员使用 Apt，[Apt-Get][6] 及 Aptitude 等工具，不用维护就可以轻松地管理软件。
尽管如此，必要的时候还是需要用 dpkg 来安装某些软件。在 Linux 系统上广泛使用的包管理工具有 [yum][5], [dnf][4], [apt-get][3], dpkg, [rpm][2], [Zypper][1], pacman, urpmi 等等。
现在，我要在装有 Ubuntu 15.10 的机器上用一些实例讲解最常用的 dpkg 命令。
1) dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件位置
下面是 dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件的位置，如果想深入了解，对你肯定大有益处。
``` [General syntax for dpkg] $ dpkg -[command] [.deb package name]$ dpkg -[command] [package name]
[dpkg releated files location] $ /var/lib/dpkg
[This file contain modified package info by dpkg command like (install, remove, etc..,)] $ /var/lib/dpkg/status
[This file contain available package list] $ /var/lib/dpkg/status
### 2) 安装/升级软件
在基于 Debian 的系统里，比如 Debian， Mint， Ubuntu 和 elementryOS，用以下命令来安装/升级 .deb 软件包。这里我要用 atom-amd64.deb 文件安装 Atom。要是已经安装了 Atom，就会升级它。要么就会安装一个新的 Atom。
[Install/Upgrade dpkg packages] $ sudo dpkg -i atom-amd64.deb Selecting previously unselected package atom. (Reading database ... 426102 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack atom-amd64.deb ... Unpacking atom (1.5.3) over (1.5.3) ... Setting up atom (1.5.3) ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ... Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
### 3) 从文件夹里安装软件
在基于 Debian 的系统中，用下列命令从目录下递归的安装软件。这会安装 /opt/software 目录下的所有以 .deb 为后缀的软件。
$ sudo dpkg -iR /opt/software Selecting previously unselected package atom. (Reading database ... 423303 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack /opt/software/atom-amd64.deb ... Unpacking atom (1.5.3) ... Setting up atom (1.5.3) ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ... Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
### 4) 显示已安装软件列表
以下命令可以列出 Debian 系的系统中所有已安装的软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。
$ dpkg -l Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-===========================-==================================-============-================================================================ ii account-plugin-aim 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for AIM ii account-plugin-facebook 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - facebook ii account-plugin-flickr 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - flickr ii account-plugin-google 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon ii account-plugin-jabber 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Jabber/XMPP ii account-plugin-salut 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Local XMPP (Salut) . .
### 5) 查看指定的已安装软件
用以下命令列出指定的一个已安装软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。
<iframe marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" height="90" width="728" id="_mN_gpt_827143833" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></iframe>
$ dpkg -l atom Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-==========-=========-===================-============================================ ii atom 1.5.3 amd64 A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
### 6) 查看软件安装目录
以下命令可以在基于 Debian 的系统上查看软件的安装路径。
$ dpkg -L atom /. /usr /usr/bin /usr/bin/atom /usr/share /usr/share/lintian /usr/share/lintian/overrides /usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom /usr/share/pixmaps /usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png /usr/share/doc
### 7) 查看 deb 包内容
下列命令可以查看 deb 包内容。它会显示 .deb 包中的一系列文件。
$ dpkg -c atom-amd64.deb drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 3067 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/atom drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 299 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 643183 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/doc/ . .
### 8) 显示软件的详细信息
以下命令可以显示软件的详细信息，如软件名，软件类别，版本，维护者，软件架构，依赖的软件，软件描述等等。
$ dpkg -s atom Package: atom Status: install ok installed Priority: optional Section: devel Installed-Size: 213496 Maintainer: GitHub atom@github.comArchitecture: amd64 Version: 1.5.3 Depends: git, gconf2, gconf-service, libgtk2.0-0, libudev0 | libudev1, libgcrypt11 | libgcrypt20, libnotify4, libxtst6, libnss3, python, gvfs-bin, xdg-utils, libcap2 Recommends: lsb-release Suggests: libgnome-keyring0, gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0 Description: A hackable text editor for the 21st Century. Atom is a free and open source text editor that is modern, approachable, and hackable to the core./atom@github.com
### 9) 查看文件属于哪个软件
用以下命令来查看文件属于哪个软件。
$ dpkg -S /usr/bin/atom atom: /usr/bin/atom
### 10) 移除/删除软件
以下命令可以用来移除/删除一个已经安装的软件，但不删除配置文件。
<iframe marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" height="90" width="728" id="_mN_gpt_827143833" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></iframe>
$ sudo dpkg -r atom (Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.) Removing atom (1.5.3) ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ... Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
### 11) 清除软件
以下命令可以用来移除/删除包括配置文件在内的所有文件。
$ sudo dpkg -P atom (Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.) Removing atom (1.5.3) ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ... Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
### 12) 了解更多
用以下命令来查看更多关于 dpkg 的信息。
$ dpkg -help or $ man dpkg
开始体验 dpkg 吧。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-examples/
作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU ][a]
译者：[GitFuture](https://github.com/GitFuture)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[1]:http://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples/
[2]:http://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
[3]:http://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples/
[4]:http://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples/
[5]:http://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples/
[6]:http://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples/
[7]:https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg
[8]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/