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407 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
建立你自己的 CA 服务：OpenSSL 命令行 CA 操作快速指南
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================================================================================
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这些是关于使用 OpenSSL 生成证书授权（CA）、中间证书授权和末端证书的速记随笔，内容包括 OCSP、CRL 和 CA 颁发者信息，以及指定颁发和有效期限等。
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我们将建立我们自己的根 CA，我们将使用根 CA 来生成一个中间 CA 的例子，我们将使用中间 CA 来签署末端用户证书。
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### 根 CA ###
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创建根 CA 授权目录并切换到该目录：
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mkdir ~/SSLCA/root/
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cd ~/SSLCA/root/
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为我们的根 CA 生成一个8192位长的 SHA-256 RSA 密钥：
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openssl genrsa -aes256 -out rootca.key 8192
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样例输出：
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Generating RSA private key, 8192 bit long modulus
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.........++
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....................................................................................................................++
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e is 65537 (0x10001)
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如果你想要用密码保护该密钥，请添加 `-aes256` 选项。
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创建自签名根 CA 证书 `ca.crt`；你需要为你的根 CA 提供一个身份：
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openssl req -sha256 -new -x509 -days 1826 -key rootca.key -out rootca.crt
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样例输出：
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You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
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into your certificate request.
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What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
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There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
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For some fields there will be a default value,
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If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
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-----
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Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
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State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Zuid Holland
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Locality Name (eg, city) []:Rotterdam
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Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Sparkling Network
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Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Sparkling CA
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Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Sparkling Root CA
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Email Address []:
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创建一个存储 CA 序列的文件：
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touch certindex
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echo 1000 > certserial
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echo 1000 > crlnumber
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放置 CA 配置文件，该文件持有 CRL 和 OCSP 末端的存根。
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# vim ca.conf
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[ ca ]
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default_ca = myca
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[ crl_ext ]
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issuerAltName=issuer:copy
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authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
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[ myca ]
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dir = ./
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new_certs_dir = $dir
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unique_subject = no
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certificate = $dir/rootca.crt
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database = $dir/certindex
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private_key = $dir/rootca.key
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serial = $dir/certserial
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default_days = 730
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default_md = sha1
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policy = myca_policy
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x509_extensions = myca_extensions
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crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
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default_crl_days = 730
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[ myca_policy ]
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commonName = supplied
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stateOrProvinceName = supplied
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countryName = optional
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emailAddress = optional
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organizationName = supplied
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organizationalUnitName = optional
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[ myca_extensions ]
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basicConstraints = critical,CA:TRUE
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keyUsage = critical,any
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subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
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authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
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keyUsage = digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,cRLSign,keyCertSign
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extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
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crlDistributionPoints = @crl_section
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subjectAltName = @alt_names
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authorityInfoAccess = @ocsp_section
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[ v3_ca ]
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basicConstraints = critical,CA:TRUE,pathlen:0
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keyUsage = critical,any
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subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
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authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
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keyUsage = digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,cRLSign,keyCertSign
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extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
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crlDistributionPoints = @crl_section
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subjectAltName = @alt_names
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authorityInfoAccess = @ocsp_section
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[alt_names]
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DNS.0 = Sparkling Intermidiate CA 1
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DNS.1 = Sparkling CA Intermidiate 1
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[crl_section]
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URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingRoot.crl
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URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingRoot.crl
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[ocsp_section]
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caIssuers;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingRoot.crt
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caIssuers;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingRoot.crt
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OCSP;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/ocsp/
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OCSP;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/ocsp/
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如果你需要设置某个特定的证书生效/过期日期，请添加以下内容到`[myca]`：
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# format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
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default_enddate = 20191222035911
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default_startdate = 20181222035911
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### 创建中间 CA###
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生成中间 CA （名为 intermediate1）的私钥：
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openssl genrsa -out intermediate1.key 4096
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生成中间 CA 的 CSR：
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openssl req -new -sha256 -key intermediate1.key -out intermediate1.csr
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样例输出：
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You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
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into your certificate request.
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What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
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There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
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For some fields there will be a default value,
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If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
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-----
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Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
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State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Zuid Holland
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Locality Name (eg, city) []:Rotterdam
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Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Sparkling Network
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Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Sparkling CA
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Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Sparkling Intermediate CA
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Email Address []:
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Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
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to be sent with your certificate request
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A challenge password []:
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An optional company name []:
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确保中间 CA 的主体（CN）和根 CA 不同。
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用根 CA 签署 中间 CA 的 CSR：
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openssl ca -batch -config ca.conf -notext -in intermediate1.csr -out intermediate1.crt
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样例输出：
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Using configuration from ca.conf
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Check that the request matches the signature
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Signature ok
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The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
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countryName :PRINTABLE:'NL'
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stateOrProvinceName :ASN.1 12:'Zuid Holland'
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localityName :ASN.1 12:'Rotterdam'
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organizationName :ASN.1 12:'Sparkling Network'
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organizationalUnitName:ASN.1 12:'Sparkling CA'
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commonName :ASN.1 12:'Sparkling Intermediate CA'
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Certificate is to be certified until Mar 30 15:07:43 2017 GMT (730 days)
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Write out database with 1 new entries
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Data Base Updated
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生成 CRL（同时采用 PEM 和 DER 格式）：
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openssl ca -config ca.conf -gencrl -keyfile rootca.key -cert rootca.crt -out rootca.crl.pem
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openssl crl -inform PEM -in rootca.crl.pem -outform DER -out rootca.crl
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每次使用该 CA 签署证书后，请生成 CRL。
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如果你需要撤销该中间证书：
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openssl ca -config ca.conf -revoke intermediate1.crt -keyfile rootca.key -cert rootca.crt
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### 配置中间 CA ###
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为该中间 CA 创建一个新文件夹，然后进入该文件夹：
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mkdir ~/SSLCA/intermediate1/
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cd ~/SSLCA/intermediate1/
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从根 CA 拷贝中间证书和密钥：
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cp ~/SSLCA/root/intermediate1.key ./
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cp ~/SSLCA/root/intermediate1.crt ./
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创建索引文件：
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touch certindex
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echo 1000 > certserial
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echo 1000 > crlnumber
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创建一个新的 `ca.conf` 文件：
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# vim ca.conf
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[ ca ]
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default_ca = myca
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[ crl_ext ]
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issuerAltName=issuer:copy
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authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
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[ myca ]
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dir = ./
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new_certs_dir = $dir
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unique_subject = no
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certificate = $dir/intermediate1.crt
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database = $dir/certindex
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private_key = $dir/intermediate1.key
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serial = $dir/certserial
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default_days = 365
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default_md = sha1
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policy = myca_policy
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x509_extensions = myca_extensions
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crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
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default_crl_days = 365
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[ myca_policy ]
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commonName = supplied
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stateOrProvinceName = supplied
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countryName = optional
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emailAddress = optional
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organizationName = supplied
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organizationalUnitName = optional
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[ myca_extensions ]
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basicConstraints = critical,CA:FALSE
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keyUsage = critical,any
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subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
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authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
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keyUsage = digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
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extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
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crlDistributionPoints = @crl_section
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subjectAltName = @alt_names
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authorityInfoAccess = @ocsp_section
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[alt_names]
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DNS.0 = example.com
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DNS.1 = example.org
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[crl_section]
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URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingIntermidiate1.crl
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URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingIntermidiate1.crl
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[ocsp_section]
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caIssuers;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingIntermediate1.crt
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caIssuers;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingIntermediate1.crt
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OCSP;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/ocsp/
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OCSP;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/ocsp/
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修改 `[alt_names]` 部分，添加你需要的主体备选名。如果你不需要主体备选名，请移除该部分包括`subjectAltName = @alt_names`的行。
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如果你需要设置一个指定的生效/到期日期，请添加以下内容到 `[myca]`：
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# format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
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default_enddate = 20191222035911
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default_startdate = 20181222035911
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生成一个空白 CRL（同时以 PEM 和 DER 格式）：
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openssl ca -config ca.conf -gencrl -keyfile rootca.key -cert rootca.crt -out rootca.crl.pem
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openssl crl -inform PEM -in rootca.crl.pem -outform DER -out rootca.crl
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### 生成末端用户证书 ###
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我们使用这个新的中间 CA 来生成一个末端用户证书，请重复以下操作来使用该 CA 为每个用户签署。
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mkdir enduser-certs
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生成末端用户的私钥：
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openssl genrsa -out enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.key 4096
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生成末端用户的 CSR：
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openssl req -new -sha256 -key enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.key -out enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.csr
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样例输出：
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You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
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into your certificate request.
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What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
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There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
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For some fields there will be a default value,
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If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
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-----
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Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
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State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Noord Holland
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Locality Name (eg, city) []:Amsterdam
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Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Example Inc
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Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT Dept
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Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:example.com
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Email Address []:
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Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
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to be sent with your certificate request
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A challenge password []:
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An optional company name []:
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使用中间 CA 签署末端用户的 CSR：
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openssl ca -batch -config ca.conf -notext -in enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.csr -out enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt
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样例输出：
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Using configuration from ca.conf
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Check that the request matches the signature
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Signature ok
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The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
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countryName :PRINTABLE:'NL'
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stateOrProvinceName :ASN.1 12:'Noord Holland'
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localityName :ASN.1 12:'Amsterdam'
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organizationName :ASN.1 12:'Example Inc'
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organizationalUnitName:ASN.1 12:'IT Dept'
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commonName :ASN.1 12:'example.com'
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Certificate is to be certified until Mar 30 15:18:26 2016 GMT (365 days)
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Write out database with 1 new entries
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Data Base Updated
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生成 CRL（同时以 PEM 和 DER 格式）：
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openssl ca -config ca.conf -gencrl -keyfile intermediate1.key -cert intermediate1.crt -out intermediate1.crl.pem
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openssl crl -inform PEM -in intermediate1.crl.pem -outform DER -out intermediate1.crl
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每次你使用该 CA 签署证书后，都需要生成 CRL。
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如果你需要撤销该末端用户证书：
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openssl ca -config ca.conf -revoke enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt -keyfile intermediate1.key -cert intermediate1.crt
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样例输出：
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Using configuration from ca.conf
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Revoking Certificate 1000.
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Data Base Updated
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通过连接根证书和中间证书来创建证书链文件。
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cat ../root/rootca.crt intermediate1.crt > enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.chain
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发送以下文件给末端用户：
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enduser-example.com.crt
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enduser-example.com.key
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enduser-example.com.chain
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你也可以让末端用户提供他们自己的 CSR，而只发送给他们这个 .crt 文件。不要把它从服务器删除，否则你就不能撤销了。
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### 校验证书 ###
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你可以对证书链使用以下命令来验证末端用户证书：
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openssl verify -CAfile enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.chain enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt
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enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt: OK
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你也可以针对 CRL 来验证。首先，将 PEM 格式的 CRL 和证书链相连接：
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cat ../root/rootca.crt intermediate1.crt intermediate1.crl.pem > enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crl.chain
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验证证书：
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openssl verify -crl_check -CAfile enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crl.chain enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt
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没有撤销时的输出：
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enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt: OK
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撤销后的输出如下：
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enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt: CN = example.com, ST = Noord Holland, C = NL, O = Example Inc, OU = IT Dept
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error 23 at 0 depth lookup:certificate revoked
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/OpenSSL_command_line_Root_and_Intermediate_CA_including_OCSP_CRL%20and_revocation.html
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作者：Remy van Elst
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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