mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-28 23:20:10 +08:00
176 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
176 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||
[#]: subject: (Use DNS over TLS)
|
||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/use-dns-over-tls/)
|
||
[#]: author: (Thomas Bianchi https://fedoramagazine.org/author/thobianchi/)
|
||
|
||
使用 DNS over TLS
|
||
======
|
||
|
||
![][1]
|
||
|
||
现代计算机用来在互联网种查找资源的[域名系统 (DNS)][2] 是在 [35 年前][3]设计的,而没有考虑用户隐私。它会面临安全风险和攻击,例如 [DNS 劫持][4]。它还能让 [ISP][5] 拦截查询。
|
||
|
||
幸运的是,现在有 [DNS over TLS][6] 和 [DNSSEC][7] 可用。DNS over TLS 和 DNSSEC 允许创建从计算机到它配置的 DNS 服务器的安全且加密的端到端隧道。在 Fedora 上,部署这些技术的步骤很容易,并且所有必要的工具也很容易获得。
|
||
|
||
本指南将演示如何使用 systemd-resolved 在 Fedora 上配置 DNS over TLS。有关 systemd-resolved 服务的更多信息,请参见[文档][8]。
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 1:设置 Step 1 : Set-up systemd-resolved
|
||
|
||
修改 _/etc/systemd/resolved.conf_,类似于下面所示。确保启用 DNS over TLS 并配置要使用的 DNS 服务器的 IP 地址。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ cat /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
|
||
[Resolve]
|
||
DNS=1.1.1.1 9.9.9.9
|
||
DNSOverTLS=yes
|
||
DNSSEC=yes
|
||
FallbackDNS=8.8.8.8 1.0.0.1 8.8.4.4
|
||
#Domains=~.
|
||
#LLMNR=yes
|
||
#MulticastDNS=yes
|
||
#Cache=yes
|
||
#DNSStubListener=yes
|
||
#ReadEtcHosts=yes
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
关于选项的简要说明:
|
||
|
||
* **DNS**:以空格分隔的 IPv4 和 IPv6 地址列表,用作系统 DNS 服务器
|
||
* **FallbackDNS**:以空格分隔的 IPv4 和 IPv6 地址列表,用作后备 DNS 服务器。
|
||
* **Domains**:在解析单标签主机名时,这些域名用于搜索后缀。 _~._ 代表对于所有域名,优先使用 DNS= 定义的系统 DNS 服务器。
|
||
* **DNSOverTLS**:如果启用,那么将加密与服务器的所有连接。请注意,此模式要求 DNS 服务器支持 DNS-over-TLS,并具有其 IP 的有效证书。
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
> _注意:上面示例中列出的 DNS 服务器是我个人的选择。你要确定要使用的 DNS 服务器。要注意你要向谁请求 IP_。
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 2:告诉 NetworkManager 将信息推给 systemd-resolved
|
||
|
||
在 _/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d_ 中创建一个名为 _10-dns-systemd-resolved.conf_ 的文件。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ cat /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/10-dns-systemd-resolved.conf
|
||
[main]
|
||
dns=systemd-resolved
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
上面的设置(_dns=systemd-resolved_)让 NetworkManager 将从 DHCP 获得的 DNS 信息推送到 systemd-resolved 服务。这将覆盖_步骤 1_ 中配置的 DNS 设置。这在受信任的网络中没问题,但是可以设置 _dns=none_ 从而使用 _/etc/systemd/resolved.conf_ 中配置的 DNS 服务器。
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 3: 启动和重启服务
|
||
|
||
若要使上述步骤中的配置生效,请启动并启用 _systemd-resolved_。然后重启 _NetworkManager_。
|
||
|
||
**注意**:在 NetworkManager 重启时,连接会中断几秒钟。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved
|
||
$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved
|
||
$ sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
> _注意:目前,systemd-resolved 服务默认处于禁用状态,并且是计划使用的。[这有个方案][33]可在 Fedora 33 中默认启用systemd-resolved。_
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 4:检查是否一切正常
|
||
|
||
现在,你应该在使用 DNS over TLS。检查 DNS 解析状态来确认这一点:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ resolvectl status
|
||
MulticastDNS setting: yes
|
||
DNSOverTLS setting: yes
|
||
DNSSEC setting: yes
|
||
DNSSEC supported: yes
|
||
Current DNS Server: 1.1.1.1
|
||
DNS Servers: 1.1.1.1
|
||
9.9.9.9
|
||
Fallback DNS Servers: 8.8.8.8
|
||
1.0.0.1
|
||
8.8.4.4
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
/etc/resolv.conf 应该指向 127.0.0.53
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ cat /etc/resolv.conf
|
||
# Generated by NetworkManager
|
||
search lan
|
||
nameserver 127.0.0.53
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
若要查看 systemd-resolved 发送和接收安全查询的地址和端口,请运行:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo ss -lntp | grep '\(State\|:53 \)'
|
||
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
|
||
LISTEN 0 4096 127.0.0.53%lo:53 0.0.0.0:* users:(("systemd-resolve",pid=10410,fd=18))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
若要进行安全查询,请运行:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ resolvectl query fedoraproject.org
|
||
fedoraproject.org: 8.43.85.67 -- link: wlp58s0
|
||
8.43.85.73 -- link: wlp58s0
|
||
|
||
[..]
|
||
|
||
-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 36.3ms.
|
||
-- Data is authenticated: yes
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 额外步骤 5:使用 Wireshark 验证配置
|
||
|
||
首先,安装并运行 [Wireshark][10]:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo dnf install wireshark
|
||
$ sudo wireshark
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
它会询问你在哪个设备上捕获数据包。在我这里,因为我使用无线接口,我用的是 _wlp58s0_。在 Wireshark 中设置筛选器,_tcp.port == 853_(853 是 DNS over TLS 协议端口)。在捕获 DNS 查询之前,你需要刷新本地 DNS 缓存:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ sudo resolvectl flush-caches
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
现在运行:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ nslookup fedoramagazine.org
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
你应该会看到你的计算机和配置的 DNS 服务器之间的 TLS 加密交换:
|
||
|
||
![][11]
|
||
|
||
— _Poster in Cover Image Approved for Release by NSA on 04-17-2018, FOIA Case # 83661_ —
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-dns-over-tls/
|
||
|
||
作者:[Thomas Bianchi][a]
|
||
选题:[lujun9972][b]
|
||
译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/thobianchi/
|
||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/use-dns-over-tls-816x345.jpg
|
||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
|
||
[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035
|
||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_hijacking
|
||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider
|
||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_TLS
|
||
[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions
|
||
[8]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/resolved/
|
||
[9]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/systemd-resolved
|
||
[10]: https://www.wireshark.org/
|
||
[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/1-1024x651.png
|