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TranslateProject/published/201809/20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md
Xingyu.Wang 2e08815b78 归档 201809
2018-10-01 21:23:21 +08:00

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如何在 Ubuntu 系统中添加一个辅助 IP 地址
======
Linux 管理员应该意识到这一点，因为这是一项例行任务。很多人想知道为什么我们需要在服务器中添加多个 IP 地址，以及为什么我们需要将它添加到单块网卡中？我说的对吗？
你可能也会有类似的问题：在 Linux 中如何为单块网卡分配多个 IP 地址？在本文中，你可以得到答案。
当我们对一个新服务器进行设置时，理想情况下它将有一个 IP 地址，即服务器主 IP 地址，它与服务器主机名对应。
我们不应在服务器主 IP 地址上托管任何应用程序，这是不可取的。如果要在服务器上托管任何应用程序，我们应该为此添加辅助 IP。
这是业界的最佳实践，它允许用户安装 SSL 证书。大多数系统都配有单块网卡，这足以添加额外的 IP 地址。
**建议阅读：**
- [在 Linux 命令行中 9 种方法检查公共 IP 地址][1]
- [在 Linux 终端中 3 种简单的方式来检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][2]
- [在 Linux 上使用 Dig 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][3]
- [在 Linux 上使用 Nslookup 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][4]
- [在 Linux 上使用 Host 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][5]
我们可以在同一个接口上添加 IP 地址，或者在同一设备上创建子接口，然后在其中添加 IP。默认情况下，一直到 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，接口给名称为 `ethX (eth0)`，但是从 Ubuntu 15.10 之后网络接口名称已从 `ethX` 更改为 `enXXXXX`（对于服务器是 ens33，桌面版是 enp0s3）。
在本文中，我们将教你如何在 Ubuntu 上执行此操作，并且衍生到其它发行版（to 校正：这句自己加的）。
**注意：**别在 DNS 详细信息后添加 IP 地址。如果是这样，DNS 将无法正常工作。
### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加临时辅助 IP 地址
在系统中添加 IP 地址之前，运行以下任一命令即可验证服务器主 IP 地址：
```
# ifconfig
或
# ip addr
# ip addr
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:902 (902.0 B) TX bytes:16423 (16.4 KB)
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:80 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:146 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:8698 (8.6 KB) TX bytes:17047 (17.0 KB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB) TX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB)
```
如我所见，服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.150`，我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.151` 作为辅助 IP，使用以下方法完成：
```
# ip addr add 192.168.56.151/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev eth0 label eth0:1
```
输入以下命令以检查新添加的 IP 地址。如果你重新启动服务器，那么新添加的 IP 地址会消失，因为我们的 IP 是临时添加的。
```
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:98:b7:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.150/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.151/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary eth0:1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址
要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址，只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需的 IP 详细信息。
```
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
```
```
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.56.150
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.56.0
broadcast 192.168.56.255
gateway 192.168.56.1
auto eth0:1
iface eth0:1 inet static
address 192.168.56.151
netmask 255.255.255.0
```
保存并关闭文件，然后重启网络接口服务。
```
# service networking restart
或
# ifdown eth0:1 && ifup eth0:1
```
验证新添加的 IP 地址：
```
# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:962 (962.0 B) TX bytes:11905 (11.9 KB)
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
inet addr:192.168.56.151 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:4924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3185 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:4037636 (4.0 MB) TX bytes:422516 (422.5 KB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
```
### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中临时添加辅助 IP 地址
正如本文开头所述，网络接口名称从 Ubuntu 15.10 就开始从 ‘ethX’ 更改为 ‘enXXXX’ (enp0s3)，所以，替换你的接口名称。
在执行此操作之前，先检查系统上的 IP 信息：
```
# ifconfig
或
# ip addr
enp0s3: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 192.168.56.201 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 7 bytes 420 (420.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 294 bytes 24747 (24.7 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
enp0s8: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 10.0.3.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.3.255
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1 bytes 590 (590.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 97 bytes 10209 (10.2 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73 mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
```
如我所见，服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.201`，所以，我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.202` 作为辅助 IP，使用以下命令完成。
```
# ip addr add 192.168.56.202/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev enp0s3
```
运行以下命令来检查是否已分配了新的 IP。当你重启机器时，它会消失。
```
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址
要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址，只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需 IP 的详细信息。
我们不应该在 `dns-nameservers` 行之后添加辅助 IP 地址，因为它不会起作用，应该以下面的格式添加 IP 详情。
此外，我们不需要添加子接口（我们之前在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中的做法）：
```
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
auto enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet static
address 192.168.56.201
netmask 255.255.255.0
iface enp0s3 inet static
address 192.168.56.202
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.56.1
network 192.168.56.0
broadcast 192.168.56.255
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
dns-search 2daygeek.local
```
保存并关闭文件，然后重启网络接口服务：
```
# systemctl restart networking
或
# ifdown enp0s3 && ifup enp0s3
```
运行以下命令来检查是否已经分配了新的 IP：
```
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
让我来 ping 一下新 IP 地址：
```
# ping 192.168.56.202 -c 4
PING 192.168.56.202 (192.168.56.202) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.087 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms
--- 192.168.56.202 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3068ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.019/0.045/0.087/0.026 ms
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-add-additional-ip-secondary-ip-in-ubuntu-debian-system/
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-server-public-ip-address-linux/
[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-dns-records-of-domain-in-linux-terminal/
[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dig-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/
[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/nslookup-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/
[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/host-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/
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