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563 lines
34 KiB
Markdown
如何查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务
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======
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有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 System V（SysV）初始化系统中使用 `service service-name status` 或 `/etc/init.d/service-name status`，而在 systemd 初始化系统中使用 `systemctl status service-name`。
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以上命令可以清楚地显示该服务是否在服务器上运行，这也是每个 Linux 管理员都该知道的非常简单和基础的命令。
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如果你对系统环境并不熟悉，也不清楚系统在运行哪些服务，你会如何检查？
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是的，我们的确有必要这样检查一下。这将有助于我们了解系统上运行了什么服务，以及哪些是必要的、哪些需要被禁用。
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init（<ruby>初始化<rt>initialization</rt></ruby>的简称）是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。`init` 是一个守护进程，它将持续运行直至关机。
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大多数 Linux 发行版都使用如下的初始化系统之一：
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- System V 是更老的初始化系统
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- Upstart 是一个基于事件的传统的初始化系统的替代品
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- systemd 是新的初始化系统，它已经被大多数最新的 Linux 发行版所采用
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### 什么是 System V（SysV）
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SysV（意即 System V） 初始化系统是早期传统的初始化系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题，大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。
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### 什么是 Upstart 初始化系统
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Upstart 是一个基于事件的 /sbin/init 的替代品，它控制在启动时的任务和服务的开始，在关机时停止它们，并在系统运行时监控它们。
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它最初是为 Ubuntu 发行版开发的，但其是以适合所有 Linux 发行版的开发为目标的，以替换过时的 System-V 初始化系统。
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### 什么是 systemd
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systemd 是一个新的初始化系统以及系统管理器，它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准初始化系统。`systemctl` 是一个 systemd 管理工具，它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。
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### 方法一：如何在 System V（SysV）系统中查看运行的服务
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以下命令可以帮助我们列出 System V（SysV） 系统中所有正在运行的服务。
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如果服务很多，我建议使用文件查看命令，如 `less`、`more` 等，以便得到清晰的结果。
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```
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# service --status-all
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或
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# service --status-all | more
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或
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# service --status-all | less
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```
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```
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abrt-ccpp hook is installed
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abrtd (pid 2131) is running...
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abrt-dump-oops is stopped
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acpid (pid 1958) is running...
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atd (pid 2164) is running...
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auditd (pid 1731) is running...
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Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor
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crond (pid 2153) is running...
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hald (pid 1967) is running...
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htcacheclean is stopped
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httpd is stopped
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Table: filter
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Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
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num target prot opt source destination
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1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
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2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0
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3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0
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4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80
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5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21
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6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
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7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25
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8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082
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9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086
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10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083
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11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087
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12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000
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13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
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Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
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num target prot opt source destination
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1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
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Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
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num target prot opt source destination
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iptables: Firewall is not running.
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irqbalance (pid 1826) is running...
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Kdump is operational
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lvmetad is stopped
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mdmonitor is stopped
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messagebus (pid 1929) is running...
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SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376)
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rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
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named is stopped
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netconsole module not loaded
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Usage: startup.sh { start | stop }
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Configured devices:
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lo eth0 eth1
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Currently active devices:
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lo eth0
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ntpd is stopped
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portreserve (pid 1749) is running...
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master (pid 2107) is running...
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Process accounting is disabled.
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quota_nld is stopped
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rdisc is stopped
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rngd is stopped
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rpcbind (pid 1840) is running...
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rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running...
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sandbox is stopped
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saslauthd is stopped
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smartd is stopped
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openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running...
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svnserve is stopped
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vsftpd (pid 4008) is running...
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xinetd (pid 2031) is running...
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zabbix_agentd (pid 2150 2149 2148 2147 2146 2140) is running...
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```
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执行以下命令，可以只查看正在运行的服务：
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```
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# service --status-all | grep running
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```
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```
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crond (pid 535) is running...
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httpd (pid 627) is running...
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mysqld (pid 911) is running...
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rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
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rsyslogd (pid 449) is running...
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saslauthd (pid 492) is running...
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sendmail (pid 509) is running...
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sm-client (pid 519) is running...
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openssh-daemon (pid 478) is running...
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xinetd (pid 485) is running...
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```
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运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态：
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```
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# service --status-all | grep httpd
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httpd (pid 627) is running...
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```
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或者，使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态：
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```
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# service httpd status
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httpd (pid 627) is running...
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```
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使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用：
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```
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# chkconfig --list
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```
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```
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crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
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ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
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iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
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network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
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quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
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rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
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sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
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winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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xinetd based services:
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chargen-dgram: off
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chargen-stream: off
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daytime-dgram: off
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daytime-stream: off
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discard-dgram: off
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discard-stream: off
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echo-dgram: off
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echo-stream: off
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finger: off
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ntalk: off
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rsync: off
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talk: off
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tcpmux-server: off
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time-dgram: off
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time-stream: off
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```
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### 方法二：如何在 System V（SysV）系统中查看运行的服务
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另外一种在 Linux 系统上列出运行的服务的方法是使用 initctl 命令：
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```
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# initctl list
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rc stop/waiting
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tty (/dev/tty3) start/running, process 1740
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tty (/dev/tty2) start/running, process 1738
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tty (/dev/tty1) start/running, process 1736
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tty (/dev/tty6) start/running, process 1746
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tty (/dev/tty5) start/running, process 1744
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tty (/dev/tty4) start/running, process 1742
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plymouth-shutdown stop/waiting
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control-alt-delete stop/waiting
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rcS-emergency stop/waiting
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readahead-collector stop/waiting
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kexec-disable stop/waiting
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quit-plymouth stop/waiting
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rcS stop/waiting
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prefdm stop/waiting
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init-system-dbus stop/waiting
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ck-log-system-restart stop/waiting
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readahead stop/waiting
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ck-log-system-start stop/waiting
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splash-manager stop/waiting
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start-ttys stop/waiting
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readahead-disable-services stop/waiting
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ck-log-system-stop stop/waiting
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rcS-sulogin stop/waiting
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serial stop/waiting
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```
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### 方法三：如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务
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以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务：
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```
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# systemctl
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UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
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sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0
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sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1
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sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2
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sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3
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sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4
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sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill
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sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk
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sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
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sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter)
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-.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
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dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System
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dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System
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run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs
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run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000
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snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
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snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
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snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core
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snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping
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snap-termius\x2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app
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sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System
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sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System
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acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check
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cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
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systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch
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systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch
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init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager
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session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi
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accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
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acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
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anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs
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apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
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apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization
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apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation
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aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
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atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
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atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
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avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
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colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
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console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap
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cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
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cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
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cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
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dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
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postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent
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```
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* `UNIT` 相应的 systemd 单元名称
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* `LOAD` 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中
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* `ACTIVE` 该单元是否处于活动状态
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* `SUB` 该单元是否处于运行状态（LCTT 译注：是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述，不同的单元类型有不同的状态。）
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* `DESCRIPTION` 关于该单元的简短描述
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以下选项可根据类型列出单元：
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```
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# systemctl list-units --type service
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UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
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accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
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acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
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anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs
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apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
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apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization
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apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation
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aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
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atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
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atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
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avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
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colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
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console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap
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cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
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cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
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cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
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dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
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fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon
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getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1
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grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB
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irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems
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keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout
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kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel
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```
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以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位，输出与前例类似但更直截了当：
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```
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# systemctl list-unit-files --type service
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UNIT FILE STATE
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accounts-daemon.service enabled
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acpid.service disabled
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alsa-restore.service static
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alsa-state.service static
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alsa-utils.service masked
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anacron-resume.service enabled
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anacron.service enabled
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apache-htcacheclean.service disabled
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apache-htcacheclean@.service disabled
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apache2.service enabled
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apache2@.service disabled
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apparmor.service enabled
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apport-forward@.service static
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apport.service generated
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apt-daily-upgrade.service static
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apt-daily.service static
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aptik-battery-monitor.service generated
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atop.service enabled
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atopacct.service enabled
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autovt@.service enabled
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avahi-daemon.service enabled
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bluetooth.service enabled
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```
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运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态：
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```
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# systemctl | grep apache2
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apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
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```
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或者，使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态：
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```
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# systemctl status apache2
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● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
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Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
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Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
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└─apache2-systemd.conf
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Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago
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Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
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Main PID: 1171 (apache2)
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Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915)
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CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
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├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
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├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
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└─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
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Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
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Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre
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Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
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Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server.
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Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl
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Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server.
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```
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执行以下命令，只查看正在运行的服务：
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```
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# systemctl | grep running
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acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check
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cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
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init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager
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session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi
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accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service
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acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon
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apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
|
||
aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon
|
||
atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor
|
||
atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon
|
||
avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
|
||
colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles
|
||
cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon
|
||
cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally
|
||
cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler
|
||
dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
|
||
fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon
|
||
getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1
|
||
irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems
|
||
lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager
|
||
ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager
|
||
NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager
|
||
polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled
|
||
acpid.path enabled
|
||
cups.path enabled
|
||
accounts-daemon.service enabled
|
||
anacron-resume.service enabled
|
||
anacron.service enabled
|
||
apache2.service enabled
|
||
apparmor.service enabled
|
||
atop.service enabled
|
||
atopacct.service enabled
|
||
autovt@.service enabled
|
||
avahi-daemon.service enabled
|
||
bluetooth.service enabled
|
||
console-setup.service enabled
|
||
cron.service enabled
|
||
cups-browsed.service enabled
|
||
cups.service enabled
|
||
display-manager.service enabled
|
||
dns-clean.service enabled
|
||
friendly-recovery.service enabled
|
||
getty@.service enabled
|
||
gpu-manager.service enabled
|
||
keyboard-setup.service enabled
|
||
lightdm.service enabled
|
||
ModemManager.service enabled
|
||
network-manager.service enabled
|
||
networking.service enabled
|
||
NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled
|
||
NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled
|
||
NetworkManager.service enabled
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
`systemd-cgtop` 按资源使用情况（任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出）列出控制组：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# systemd-cgtop
|
||
|
||
Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s
|
||
/ - - 1.5G - -
|
||
/init.scope 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice 153 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - -
|
||
/system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - -
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
同时，我们可以使用 `pstree` 命令（输出来自 SysVinit 系统）查看正在运行的服务：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# pstree
|
||
init-+-crond
|
||
|-httpd---2*[httpd]
|
||
|-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149
|
||
|-2*[mingetty]
|
||
|-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}]
|
||
|-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}]
|
||
|-saslauthd---saslauthd
|
||
|-2*[sendmail]
|
||
|-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree
|
||
|-udevd
|
||
`-xinetd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
我们还可以使用 `pstree` 命令（输出来自 systemd 系统）查看正在运行的服务：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# pstree
|
||
systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus}
|
||
│ └─{gmain}
|
||
├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient
|
||
│ ├─{gdbus}
|
||
│ └─{gmain}
|
||
├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus}
|
||
│ └─{gmain}
|
||
├─acpid
|
||
├─agetty
|
||
├─anacron
|
||
├─apache2───2*[apache2───26*[{apache2}]]
|
||
├─aptd───{gmain}
|
||
├─aptik-battery-m
|
||
├─atop
|
||
├─atopacctd
|
||
├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon
|
||
├─colord─┬─{gdbus}
|
||
│ └─{gmain}
|
||
├─cron
|
||
├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus}
|
||
│ └─{gmain}
|
||
├─cupsd
|
||
├─dbus-daemon
|
||
├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread}
|
||
│ ├─{fwupd}
|
||
│ ├─{gdbus}
|
||
│ └─{gmain}
|
||
├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus}
|
||
│ ├─{gmain}
|
||
│ └─{timer}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 方法四：如何使用 chkservice 在 systemd 系统中查看正在运行的服务
|
||
|
||
`chkservice` 是一个管理系统单元的终端工具，需要超级用户权限。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# chkservice
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![][1]
|
||
|
||
要查看帮助页面，请按下 `?` ，它将显示管理 systemd 服务的可用选项。
|
||
|
||
![][2]
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/
|
||
|
||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||
译者：[jessie-pang](https://github.com/jessie-pang)
|
||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||
[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/chkservice-1.png
|
||
[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/chkservice-2.png |