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How to use httpx, a web client for Python
The httpx package for Python is an excellent and flexible module for
interacting with HTTP.
The httpx package for Python is a sophisticated web client. Once you install it, you can use it to get data from websites. As usual, the easiest way to install it is with the pip utility:
`$ python -m pip install httpx --user`
To use it, import it into a Python script, and then use the .get function to fetch data from a web address:
import httpx
result = httpx.get("<https://httpbin.org/get?hello=world>")
result.json()["args"]
Here's the output from that simple script:
` {'hello': 'world'}`
HTTP response
By default, httpx will not raise errors on a non-200 status.
Try this code:
result = httpx.get("<https://httpbin.org/status/404>")
result
The result:
` <Response [404 NOT FOUND]>`
It's possible to raise a response explicitly. Add this exception handler:
try:
result.raise_for_status()
except Exception as exc:
print("woops", exc)
Here's the result:
woops Client error '404 NOT FOUND' for url '<https://httpbin.org/status/404>'
For more information check: <https://httpstatuses.com/404>
Custom client
It is worthwhile to use a custom client for anything but the simplest script. Aside from nice performance improvements, such as connection pooling, this is a good place to configure the client.
For example, you can set a custom base URL:
client = httpx.Client(base_url="<https://httpbin.org>")
result = client.get("/get?source=custom-client")
result.json()["args"]
Sample output:
` {'source': 'custom-client'}`
This is useful for a typical scenario where you use the client to talk to a specific server. For example, using both base_url and auth, you can build a nice abstraction for an authenticated client:
client = httpx.Client(
base_url="<https://httpbin.org>",
auth=("good_person", "secret_password"),
)
result = client.get("/basic-auth/good_person/secret_password")
result.json()
Output:
` {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'good_person'}`
One of the nicer things you can use this for is constructing the client at a top-level "main" function and then passing it around. This lets other functions use the client and lets them get unit-tested with a client connected to a local WSGI app.
def get_user_name(client):
result = client.get("/basic-auth/good_person/secret_password")
return result.json()["user"]
get_user_name(client)
'good_person'
def application(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
return [b'{"user": "pretty_good_person"}']
fake_client = httpx.Client(app=application, base_url="<https://fake-server>")
get_user_name(fake_client)
Output:
` 'pretty_good_person'`
Try httpx
Visit python-httpx.org for more information, documentation, and tutorials. I've found it to be an excellent and flexible module for interacting with HTTP. Give it a try and see what it can do for you.
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/3/python-httpx
作者：Moshe Zadka 选题：lujun9972 译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID