使用 HTTPie 进行 API 测试

使用 HTTPie 调试 API，一个用 Python 写的简易命令行工具。

HTTPie 是一个非常易于使用且易于升级的 HTTP 客户端。它的发音为 “aitch-tee-tee-pie” 并以 http 运行，它是一个用 Python 编写的命令行工具来用于访问 Web。

由于这篇是关于 HTTP 客户端的，因此你需要一个 HTTP 服务器来试用它。在这里，访问 [httpbin.org] 3，它是一个简单的开源 HTTP 请求和响应服务。httpbin.org 网站是一种测试 Web API 的强大方式，并能仔细管理并显示请求和相应内容，但现在我们将专注于 HTTPie 的强大功能。

Wget 和 cURL 的替代品

你可能听说过古老的 Wget 或稍微更新的 cURL 工具，它们允许你从命令行访问 Web。它们是为访问网站而编写的，而 HTTPie 则用于访问 Web API。

网站请求设计介于计算机和正在阅读并响应他们所看到的内容的最终用户之间。这并不太依赖于结构化的响应。但是，API 请求会在两台计算机之间进行_结构化_调用。人类不是图片的一部分，像 HTTPie 这样的命令行工具的参数可以有效地处理这个问题。

安装 HTTPie

有几种方法可以安装 HTTPie。你可以通过包管理器安装，无论你使用的是 brew、apt、yum 还是 dnf。但是，如果你已配置 [virtualenvwrapper] 6，那么你可以用自己的方式安装：

$ mkvirtualenv httpie
...
(httpie) $ pip install httpie
...
(httpie) $ deactivate
$ alias http=~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/http
$ http -b GET <https://httpbin.org/get>
{
    "args": {},
    "headers": {
        "Accept": "*/*",
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
        "Host": "httpbin.org",
        "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
    },
    "origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210",
    "url": "<https://httpbin.org/get>"
}

通过直接将 http 设置为虚拟环境中的命令别名，即使虚拟环境在非活动状态，你也可以运行它。你可以将 alias 命令放在 .bash_profile 或 .bashrc 中，这样你就可以使用以下命令升级 HTTPie：

`$ ~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/pip install -U pip`

使用 HTTPie 查询网站

HTTPie 可以简化查询和测试 API。这里使用了一个选项， -b（也可以是 --body）。没有它，HTTPie 将默认打印整个响应，包括头：

$ http GET <https://httpbin.org/get>
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Length: 177
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:19:47 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

{
    "args": {},
    "headers": {
        "Accept": "*/*",
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
        "Host": "httpbin.org",
        "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
    },
    "origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210",
    "url": "<https://httpbin.org/get>"
}

这在调试 API 服务时非常重要，因为大量信息在 HTTP 头中发送。例如，查看发送的 cookie 通常很重要。Httpbin.org 提供了通过 URL 路径设置 cookie（用于测试目的）的选项。以下设置一个标题为 opensource，值为 awesome 的 cookie：

$ http GET <https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome>
HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 223
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:22:39 GMT
Location: /cookies
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
<title>Redirecting...</title>
<h1>Redirecting...</h1>
<p>You should be redirected automatically to target URL:
<a href="/cookies">/cookies</a>.  If not click the link.

注意 Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/ 的 HTTP 头。这表明你预期设置的 cookie 已正确设置，路径为 /。另请注意，即使你有 302重定向，http 也不会遵循它。如果你想要遵循重定向，则需要使用 --follow 标志请求：

$ http --follow GET <https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome>
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Length: 66
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:33:34 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

{
    "cookies": {
        "opensource": "awesome"
    }
}

但此时你无法看到原来的 Set-Cookie 头。为了看到中间响应，你需要使用 --all：

$ http --headers --all --follow \
GET <https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome>
HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:40 GMT
Location: /cookies
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Content-Length: 223
Connection: keep-alive

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:41 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Content-Length: 66
Connection: keep-alive

打印 body 并不有趣，因为你大多数关心 cookie。如果你像看到中间请求的头，而不是最终请求中的 body，你可以使用：

$ http --print hb --history-print h --all --follow \
GET <https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome>
HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT
Location: /cookies
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Content-Length: 223
Connection: keep-alive

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Content-Length: 66
Connection: keep-alive

{
  "cookies": {
    "opensource": "awesome"
  }
}

你可以使用 --print 精确控制打印，并使用 --history-print 覆盖中间请求的打印。

使用 HTTPie 下载二进制文件

有时 body 并不是文本形式，它需要发送到可被不同应用打开的文件：

$ http GET <https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg>
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 35588
Content-Type: image/jpeg
Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:25:49 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

+-----------------------------------------+
| NOTE: binary data not shown in terminal |
+-----------------------------------------+

要得到正确的图片，你需要保存到文件：

$ http --download GET <https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg>
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 35588
Content-Type: image/jpeg
Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:28:13 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

Downloading 34.75 kB to "jpeg.jpe"
Done. 34.75 kB in 0.00068s (50.05 MB/s)

试一下！图片很可爱。

使用 HTTPie 发送自定义请求

你可以发送指定头。这对于需要非标准头的自定义 Web API 很有用：

$ http GET <https://httpbin.org/headers> X-Open-Source-Com:Awesome
{
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2",
    "X-Open-Source-Com": "Awesome"
  }
}

最后，如果要发送 JSON 字段（尽管可以指定确切的内容），对于许多嵌套较少的输入，你可以使用快捷方式：

$ http --body PUT <https://httpbin.org/anything> open-source=awesome author=moshez
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "{\"open-source\": \"awesome\", \"author\": \"moshez\"}",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "application/json, */*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "46",
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
  },
  "json": {
    "author": "moshez",
    "open-source": "awesome"
  },
  "method": "PUT",
  "origin": "73.162.254.113, 73.162.254.113",
  "url": "<https://httpbin.org/anything>"
}

下次在调试 Web API 时，无论时你自己还是别人，记得放下 cURL，试试 HTTPie 这个命令行工具。

via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie

作者：Moshe Zadka 选题：lujun9972 译者：geekpi 校对：校对者ID

本文由 LCTT 原创编译，Linux中国荣誉推出

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