TranslateProject/sources/tech/20180207 Python Global Keyword (With Examples).md

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Python Global Keyword (With Examples)

Before reading this article, make sure you have got some basics of Python Global, Local and Nonlocal Variables.

Introduction to global Keyword

In Python, global keyword allows you to modify the variable outside of the current scope. It is used to create a global variable and make changes to the variable in a local context.

Rules of global Keyword

The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:

• When we create a variable inside a function, it’s local by default.
• When we define a variable outside of a function, it’s global by default. You don’t have to use global keyword.
• We use global keyword to read and write a global variable inside a function.
• Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect

Use of global Keyword (With Example)

Let’s take an example.

Example 1: Accessing global Variable From Inside a Function

c = 1 # global variable

def add():
 print(c)

add()

When we run above program, the output will be:

1

However, we may have some scenarios where we need to modify the global variable from inside a function.

Example 2: Modifying Global Variable From Inside the Function

c = 1 # global variable

def add():
 c = c + 2 # increment c by 2
 print(c)

add()

When we run above program, the output shows an error:

UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c' referenced before assignment

This is because we can only access the global variable but cannot modify it from inside the function.

The solution for this is to use the global keyword.

Example 3: Changing Global Variable From Inside a Function using global

c = 0 # global variable

def add():
 global c
 c = c + 2 # increment by 2
 print("Inside add():", c)

add()
print("In main:", c)

When we run above program, the output will be:

Inside add(): 2
In main: 2

In the above program, we define c as a global keyword inside the add() function.

Then, we increment the variable c by 1, i.e c = c + 2. After that, we call the add() function. Finally, we print global variable c.

As we can see, change also occured on the global variable outside the function, c = 2.

Global Variables Across Python Modules

In Python, we create a single module config.py to hold global variables and share information across Python modules within the same program.

Here is how we can share global variable across the python modules.

Example 4 : Share a global Variable Across Python Modules

Create a config.py file, to store global variables

a = 0
b = "empty"

Create a update.py file, to change global variables

import config

config.a = 10
config.b = "alphabet"

Create a main.py file, to test changes in value

import config
import update

print(config.a)
print(config.b)

When we run the main.py file, the output will be

10
alphabet

In the above, we create three files: config.py, update.py and main.py.

The module config.py stores global variables of a and b. In update.py file, we import the config.py module and modify the values of a and b. Similarly, in main.py file we import both config.py and update.py module. Finally, we print and test the values of global variables whether they are changed or not.

Global in Nested Functions

Here is how you can use a global variable in nested function.

Example 5: Using a Global Variable in Nested Function

def foo():
 x = 20

 def bar():
 global x
 x = 25

 print("Before calling bar: ", x)
 print("Calling bar now")
 bar()
 print("After calling bar: ", x)

foo()
print("x in main : ", x)

The output is :

Before calling bar: 20
Calling bar now
After calling bar: 20
x in main : 25

In the above program, we declare global variable inside the nested function bar(). Inside foo() function, x has no effect of global keyword.

Before and after calling bar(), the variable x takes the value of local variable i.e x = 20. Outside of the foo() function, the variable x will take value defined in the bar() function i.e x = 25. This is because we have used global keyword in x to create global variable inside the bar() function (local scope).

If we make any changes inside the bar() function, the changes appears outside the local scope, i.e. foo().

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via: https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/global-keyword

作者：programiz 译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID

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