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388 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
388 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11997-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (How to setup a DNS server with bind)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-setup-a-dns-server-with-bind/)
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[#]: author: (Curt Warfield https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/)
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简明指南：使用 bind 设置 DNS 服务器
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======
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![][1]
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<ruby>域名系统<rt>Domain Name System</rt></ruby>，我们更通常称为 DNS 的系统，可以将域名翻译或转换为与该域关联的 IP 地址。DNS 是能够让你通过名称找到自己喜欢的网站而不是在浏览器中输入 IP 地址的原因。本指南将向你展示如何配置一个主 DNS 系统以及客户端。
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以下是本文示例中使用的系统细节：
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```
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dns01.fedora.local （192.168.1.160）- 主 DNS 服务器
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client.fedora.local （192.168.1.136）- 客户端
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```
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### DNS 服务器配置
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使用 `sudo` 安装 bind 包：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install bind bind-utils -y
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```
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bind 包提供了 `/etc/named.conf` 配置文件，来供你配置 DNS 服务器。
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编辑 `/etc/named.conf` 文件：
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```
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sudo vi /etc/named.conf
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```
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查找以下行：
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```
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listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };
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```
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添加主 DNS 服务器的 IP 地址，如下所示：
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```
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listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; 192.168.1.160; };
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```
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查找以下行：
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```
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allow-query { localhost; };
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```
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添加本地网络范围。该示例系统使用的 IP 地址在 192.168.1.X 的范围内。指定如下：
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```
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allow-query { localhost; 192.168.1.0/24; };
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```
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指定转发和反向区域。<ruby>区域文件<rt>Zone file</rt></ruby>就是具有系统上 DNS 信息（例如 IP 地址和主机名）的文本文件。<ruby>转发区域文件<rt>forward zone file</rt></ruby>使得将主机名转换为 IP 地址成为可能。<ruby>反向区域文件<rt>reverse zone file</rt></ruby>则相反。它允许远程系统将 IP 地址转换为主机名。
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在 `/etc/named.conf` 文件的底部查找以下行：
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```
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include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
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```
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在此处，你将在**该行的正上方**指定区域文件信息，如下所示：
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```
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zone "dns01.fedora.local" IN {
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type master;
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file "forward.fedora.local";
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allow-update { none; };
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};
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zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
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type master;
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file "reverse.fedora.local";
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allow-update { none; };
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};
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```
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`forward.fedora.local` 和 `reverse.fedora.local` 文件是要创建的区域文件的名称。它们可以是任意名字。
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保存并退出。
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#### 创建区域文件
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创建你在 `/etc/named.conf` 文件中指定的转发和反向区域文件：
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```
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$ sudo vi /var/named/forward.fedora.local
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```
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添加以下行：
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```
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$TTL 86400
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@ IN SOA dns01.fedora.local. root.fedora.local. (
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2011071001 ;Serial
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3600 ;Refresh
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1800 ;Retry
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604800 ;Expire
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86400 ;Minimum TTL
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)
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@ IN NS dns01.fedora.local.
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@ IN A 192.168.1.160
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dns01 IN A 192.168.1.160
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client IN A 192.168.1.136
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```
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所有**粗体**（LCTT 译注：本译文中无法呈现粗体）内容都特定于你的环境。保存文件并退出。接下来，编辑 `reverse.fedora.local` 文件：
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```
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$ sudo vi /var/named/reverse.fedora.local
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```
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添加以下行：
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```
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$TTL 86400
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@ IN SOA dns01.fedora.local. root.fedora.local. (
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2011071001 ;Serial
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3600 ;Refresh
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1800 ;Retry
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604800 ;Expire
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86400 ;Minimum TTL
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)
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@ IN NS dns01.fedora.local.
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@ IN PTR fedora.local.
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dns01 IN A 192.168.1.160
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client IN A 192.168.1.136
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160 IN PTR dns01.fedora.local.
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136 IN PTR client.fedora.local.
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```
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所有**粗体**（LCTT 译注：本译文中无法呈现粗体）内容都特定于你的环境。保存文件并退出。
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你还需要配置 SELinux 并为配置文件添加正确的所有权。
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```
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sudo chgrp named -R /var/named
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sudo chown -v root:named /etc/named.conf
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sudo restorecon -rv /var/named
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sudo restorecon /etc/named.conf
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```
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配置防火墙：
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```
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sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=dns --perm
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sudo firewall-cmd --reload
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```
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#### 检查配置是否存在语法错误
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```
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sudo named-checkconf /etc/named.conf
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```
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如果没有输出或返回错误，那么你的配置有效。
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检查转发和反向区域文件。
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```
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$ sudo named-checkzone forward.fedora.local /var/named/forward.fedora.local
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$ sudo named-checkzone reverse.fedora.local /var/named/reverse.fedora.local
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```
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你应该看到 “OK” 的响应：
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```
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zone forward.fedora.local/IN: loaded serial 2011071001
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OK
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zone reverse.fedora.local/IN: loaded serial 2011071001
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OK
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```
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#### 启用并启动 DNS 服务
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```
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$ sudo systemctl enable named
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$ sudo systemctl start named
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```
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#### 配置 resolv.conf 文件
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编辑 `/etc/resolv.conf` 文件：
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```
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$ sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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查找你当前的 `nameserver` 行。在示例系统上，使用调制解调器/路由器充当名称服务器，因此当前看起来像这样：
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```
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nameserver 192.168.1.1
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```
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这需要更改为主 DNS 服务器的 IP 地址：
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```
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nameserver 192.168.1.160
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```
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保存更改并退出。
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不幸的是需要注意一点。如果系统重启或网络重启，那么 NetworkManager 会覆盖 `/etc/resolv.conf` 文件。这意味着你将丢失所做的所有更改。
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为了防止这种情况发生，请将 `/etc/resolv.conf` 设为不可变：
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```
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$ sudo chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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如果要重新设置，就需要允许其再次被覆盖：
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```
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$ sudo chattr -i /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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#### 测试 DNS 服务器
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```
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$ dig fedoramagazine.org
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```
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```
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; <<>> DiG 9.11.13-RedHat-9.11.13-2.fc30 <<>> fedoramagazine.org
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;; global options: +cmd
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;; Got answer:
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;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 8391
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;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 3, ADDITIONAL: 6
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;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
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; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
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; COOKIE: c7350d07f8efaa1286c670ab5e13482d600f82274871195a (good)
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;; QUESTION SECTION:
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;fedoramagazine.org. IN A
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;; ANSWER SECTION:
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fedoramagazine.org. 50 IN A 35.197.52.145
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;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
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fedoramagazine.org. 86150 IN NS ns05.fedoraproject.org.
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fedoramagazine.org. 86150 IN NS ns02.fedoraproject.org.
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fedoramagazine.org. 86150 IN NS ns04.fedoraproject.org.
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;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
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ns02.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN A 152.19.134.139
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ns04.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN A 209.132.181.17
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ns05.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN A 85.236.55.10
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ns02.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN AAAA 2610:28:3090:3001:dead:beef:cafe:fed5
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ns05.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN AAAA 2001:4178:2:1269:dead:beef:cafe:fed5
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;; Query time: 830 msec
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;; SERVER: 192.168.1.160#53(192.168.1.160)
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;; WHEN: Mon Jan 06 08:46:05 CST 2020
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;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 266
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```
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需要检查几件事以验证 DNS 服务器是否正常运行。显然，取得结果很重要，但这本身并不意味着 DNS 服务器实际上正常工作。
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顶部的 `QUERY`、`ANSWER` 和 `AUTHORITY` 字段应显示为非零，如我们的示例所示：
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```
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;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 3, ADDITIONAL: 6
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```
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并且 `SERVER` 字段应有你的 DNS 服务器的 IP 地址：
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```
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;; SERVER: 192.168.1.160#53(192.168.1.160)
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```
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如果这是你第一次运行 `dig` 命令，请注意完成查询要花费 830 毫秒的时间：
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```
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;; Query time: 830 msec
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```
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如果再次运行它，查询将会更快：
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```
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$ dig fedoramagazine.org
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```
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```
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;; Query time: 0 msec
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;; SERVER: 192.168.1.160#53(192.168.1.160)
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```
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### 客户端配置
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客户端配置将简单得多。
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安装 bind 程序：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install bind-utils -y
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```
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编辑 `/etc/resolv.conf` 文件，并将主 DNS 配置为唯一的名称服务器：
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```
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$ sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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它看起来像这样：
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```
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nameserver 192.168.1.160
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```
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保存更改并退出。然后，使 `/etc/resolv.conf` 文件不可变，防止其被覆盖并变回默认设置：
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```
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$ sudo chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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#### 测试客户端
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你应该获得与 DNS 服务器相同的结果：
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```
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$ dig fedoramagazine.org
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```
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```
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; <<>> DiG 9.11.13-RedHat-9.11.13-2.fc30 <<>> fedoramagazine.org
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;; global options: +cmd
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;; Got answer:
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;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 8391
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;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 3, ADDITIONAL: 6
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;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
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; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
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; COOKIE: c7350d07f8efaa1286c670ab5e13482d600f82274871195a (good)
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;; QUESTION SECTION:
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;fedoramagazine.org. IN A
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;; ANSWER SECTION:
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fedoramagazine.org. 50 IN A 35.197.52.145
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;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
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fedoramagazine.org. 86150 IN NS ns05.fedoraproject.org.
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fedoramagazine.org. 86150 IN NS ns02.fedoraproject.org.
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fedoramagazine.org. 86150 IN NS ns04.fedoraproject.org.
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;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
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ns02.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN A 152.19.134.139
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ns04.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN A 209.132.181.17
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ns05.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN A 85.236.55.10
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ns02.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN AAAA 2610:28:3090:3001:dead:beef:cafe:fed5
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ns05.fedoraproject.org. 86150 IN AAAA 2001:4178:2:1269:dead:beef:cafe:fed5
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;; Query time: 1 msec
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;; SERVER: 192.168.1.160#53(192.168.1.160)
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;; WHEN: Mon Jan 06 08:46:05 CST 2020
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;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 266
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```
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确保 `SERVER` 输出的是你 DNS 服务器的 IP 地址。
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你的 DNS 服务器设置完成了，现在所有来自客户端的请求都会经过你的 DNS 服务器了！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-setup-a-dns-server-with-bind/
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作者：[Curt Warfield][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/dns-server-bind-1-816x345.png
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