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165 lines
7.9 KiB
Markdown
165 lines
7.9 KiB
Markdown
Linux中命令链接操作符的十个最佳实例
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================================================================================
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Linux命令中的链接的意思是,通过操作符的行为将几个命令组合执行。Linux中的链接命令,有些像你在shell中写[短小的shell脚本][1],并直接在终端中执行。链接使得自动处理变得更方便。不仅如此,一个无人看管的机器在链接操作符的帮助下能够十分有条理地运行。
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![Linux中的10个链接操作符](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Chaining-Operators-in-Linux.png)
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*Linux中的10个链接操作符*
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本文旨在介绍一些常用的**链接操作符**,通过简短的描述和相关的例子帮助读者提高生产力、降低系统负载、写出更加简短有意义的代码。
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### 1. 和号操作符 (&) ###
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‘**&**’的作用是使命令在后台运行。只要在命令后面跟上一个空格和 ‘**&**’。你可以一口气在后台运行多个命令。
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在后台运行一个命令:
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tecmint@localhost:~$ ping c5 www.tecmint.com &
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同时在后台运行两个命令:
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root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update & mkdit test &
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### 2. 分号操作符 (;) ###
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分号操作符使你可以一口气运行几个命令,命令顺序执行。
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root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update ; apt-get upgrade ; mkdir test
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上述命令先后执行了update和upgrade,最后在当前工作目录下创建了一个‘**test**’文件夹
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### 3. 与操作符 (&&) ###
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如果第一个命令执行成功,**与操作符 (&&)**才会执行第二个命令,也就是说,第一个命令退出状态是**0**。(译注:原文的这里明显写错了,我们进行了改译,有兴趣的读者可以参看原文以及原文下面的评论。在UNIX里面,0表示无错误,而所有非0返回值都是各种错误)。这个命令在检查最后一个命令的执行状态时很有用。
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比如,我想使用**[links 命令][2]**在终端中访问网站**tecmint.com**,但在这之前我需要检查主机是否**在线**或**不在线**。
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root@localhost:/home/tecmint# ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && links www.tecmint.com
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### 4. 或操作符 (||) ###
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**或操作符 (||)**很像编程中的**else**语句。上面的操作符允许你在第一个命令失败的情况下执行第二个命令,比如,第一个命令的退出状态是**1**。
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举例来说,我想要在非root帐户中执行‘**apt-get update**‘,如果第一个命令失败了,接着会执行第二个命令‘**links www.tecmint.com**‘。
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tecmint@localhost:~$ apt-get update || links tecmint.com
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上面的命令中,由于该**用户**不允许**更新**系统,这意味着第一个命令的退出状态是’**1**′,因此最后一个命令‘**links tecmint.com**‘会执行。
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如果第一个命令成功执行并且退出状态是‘**0**‘呢?很明显的,第二个命令不会执行。
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tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir test || links tecmint.com
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这里,用户在家目录创建了一个‘**test**‘文件夹,这是被允许的。命令成功的执行,退出状态是‘**0**‘,因此,最后的命令不会执行。
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### 5. 非操作符 (!) ###
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**非操作符 (!)**很像**except**语句。这个命令会执行除了提供的条件外的所有的语句。要理解这点,在你的主目录创建一个目录‘**tecmint**’,并‘**cd**’到它这里。
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tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir tecmint
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tecmint@localhost:~$ cd tecmint
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接下来,在文件夹‘**tecmint**’下创建不同类型的文件。
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tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ touch a.doc b.doc a.pdf b.pdf a.xml b.xml a.html b.html
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看一下我们在文件夹‘**tecmint**’创建的新文件。
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tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls
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a.doc a.html a.pdf a.xml b.doc b.html b.pdf b.xml
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用一种聪明的办法马上删除除了 ‘**html**’之外的所有文件。
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tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ rm -r !(*.html)
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验证一下上次的执行结果,使用[ls 命令][3]列出可见所有文件。
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tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls
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a.html b.html
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### 6. 与或操作符 (&& – ||) ###
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上面的操作符实际上是‘**与**’和‘**或**’操作符的组合。它很像‘**if-else**‘语句。
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比如,我们ping **tecmint.com**,如果成功打印‘**已验证**’,否则打印‘**主机故障**’。
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tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "Verified" || echo "Host Down"
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#### 示例输出 ####
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PING www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61) 56(84) bytes of data.
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64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=216 ms
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64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=224 ms
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64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=226 ms
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--- www.tecmint.com ping statistics ---
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3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms
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rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 216.960/222.789/226.423/4.199 ms
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Verified
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现在,断开我们现在的网络连接诶,再试一下相同的命令。
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tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "verified" || echo "Host Down"
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#### 实例输出 ####
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ping: unknown host www.tecmint.com
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Host Down
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### 7. 管道操作符 (|) ###
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**PIPE**在将第一个命令的输出作为第二个命令的输入时很有用。比如,‘**ls -l**’的输出通过管道到‘**less**’,并看一下输出。
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tecmint@localhost:~$ ls -l | less
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### 8. 命令合并操作符 {} ###
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合并两个或多个命令,第二个命令依赖于第一个命令的执行。
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比如,检查一下文件‘**xyz.txt**’是否在**Downloads**目录下,如果不存在则创建之并输出提示信息。
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tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt ] || touch /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt; echo "The file does not exist"
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但是这样的命令的运行结果并不如我们预期的运行,会始终都输出提示信息。因此需要使用{}操作符来合并命令:
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tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz1.txt ] || {touch /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt; echo "The file does not exist"}
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“The file does not exist”
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(译注:原文这里应该也是复制或书写的时候,出现了一些问题,例子中并没有出现小标题中的"{}"操作符,所以这里我们进行了修改)
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### 9. 优先操作符 () ###
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这个操作符可以让命令以优先顺序执行。
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Command_x1 &&Command_x2 || Command_x3 && Command_x4.
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在上面的伪代码中,如果**Command_x1**执行失败了会怎么样,**Command_x2**, **Command_x3**, **Command_x4**没有一个会执行,对于这种情况,我们使用**优先操作符**。
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(Command_x1 &&Command_x2) || (Command_x3 && Command_x4)
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在上面的伪代码中,如果**Command_x1**执行失败,**Command_x2**不会执行,但是**Command_x3**会继续执行, **Command_x4**会依赖于 **Command_x3**的退出状态。
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### 10. 连接符 (\) ###
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**连接符 (\)**如它名字所说,被用于连接shell中那些太长而需要分成多行的命令。可以在输入一个“\”之后就回车,然后继续输入命令行,直到输入完成。比如,下面的命令会打开文本文件**test(1).txt**。
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tecmint@localhost:~/Downloads$ nano test\
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1.txt
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今天就到这里,我会近日开始另外一个有趣的文章。不要走开,继续关注**Tecmint**。不要忘记在评论栏里提出有价值的反馈。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/chaining-operators-in-linux-with-practical-examples/
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译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对:[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/bash-shell/
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[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browsers/
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[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/
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