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237 lines
8.6 KiB
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237 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
在 Ubuntu 15.10 上为单个网卡设置多个 IP 地址
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================================================================================
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有时候你可能想在你的网卡上使用多个 IP 地址。遇到这种情况你会怎么办呢？买一个新的网卡并分配一个新的 IP？不，没有这个必要（至少在小型网络中）。现在我们可以在 Ubuntu 系统中为一个网卡分配多个 IP 地址。想知道怎么做到的？跟着我往下看，其实并不难。
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这个方法也适用于 Debian 以及它的衍生版本。
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### 临时添加 IP 地址 ###
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首先，让我们找到网卡的 IP 地址。在我的 Ubuntu 15.10 服务器版中，我只使用了一个网卡。
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运行下面的命令找到 IP 地址：
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sudo ip addr
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**样例输出：**
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1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
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link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
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inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 ::1/128 scope host
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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或
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sudo ifconfig
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**样例输出：**
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enp0s3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:2a:03:4b
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inet addr:192.168.1.103 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 Scope:Link
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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RX packets:186 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:70 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
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RX bytes:21872 (21.8 KB) TX bytes:9666 (9.6 KB)
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lo Link encap:Local Loopback
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inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
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inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
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UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
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RX packets:217 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:217 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
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RX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB) TX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB)
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正如你在上面输出中看到的，我的网卡名称是 **enp0s3**，它的 IP 地址是 **192.168.1.103**。
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现在让我们来为网卡添加一个新的 IP 地址，例如说 **192.168.1.104**。
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打开你的终端并运行下面的命令添加额外的 IP。
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sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
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用命令检查是否启用了新的 IP：
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sudo ip address show enp0s3
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**样例输出：**
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2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet 192.168.1.104/24 scope global secondary enp0s3
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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类似地，你可以添加任意数量的 IP 地址，只要你想要。
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让我们 ping 一下这个 IP 地址验证一下。
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sudo ping 192.168.1.104
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**样例输出**
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PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.901 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.571 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.521 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.524 ms
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好极了，它能工作！
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要删除 IP，只需要运行：
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sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
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再检查一下是否删除了 IP。
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sudo ip address show enp0s3
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**样例输出：**
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2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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可以看到已经没有了！！
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正如你所知，重启系统后这些设置会失效。那么怎么设置才能永久有效呢？这也很简单。
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### 添加永久 IP 地址 ###
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Ubuntu 系统的网卡配置文件是 **/etc/network/interfaces**。
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让我们来看看上面文件的具体内容。
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sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces
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**输出样例：**
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# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
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# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
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source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
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# The loopback network interface
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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# The primary network interface
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auto enp0s3
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iface enp0s3 inet dhcp
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正如你在上面输出中看到的，网卡启用了 DHCP。
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现在，让我们来分配一个额外的地址，例如 **192.168.1.104/24**。
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编辑 **/etc/network/interfaces**：
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sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
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如下添加额外的 IP 地址。
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# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
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# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
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source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
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# The loopback network interface
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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# The primary network interface
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auto enp0s3
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iface enp0s3 inet dhcp
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iface enp0s3 inet static
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address 192.168.1.104/24
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保存并关闭文件。
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运行下面的命令使更改无需重启即生效。
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sudo ifdown enp0s3 && sudo ifup enp0s3
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**样例输出：**
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Killed old client process
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Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1
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Copyright 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium.
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All rights reserved.
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For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/
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Listening on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
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Sending on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
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Sending on Socket/fallback
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DHCPRELEASE on enp0s3 to 192.168.1.1 port 67 (xid=0x225f35)
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Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1
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Copyright 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium.
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All rights reserved.
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For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/
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Listening on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
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Sending on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
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Sending on Socket/fallback
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DHCPDISCOVER on enp0s3 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 3 (xid=0xdfb94764)
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DHCPREQUEST of 192.168.1.103 on enp0s3 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 (xid=0x6447b9df)
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DHCPOFFER of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1
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DHCPACK of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1
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bound to 192.168.1.103 -- renewal in 35146 seconds.
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**注意**：如果你从远程连接到服务器，把上面的两个命令放到**一行**中**非常重要**，因为第一个命令会断掉你的连接。而采用这种方式可以保留你的 ssh 会话。
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现在，让我们用下面的命令来检查一下是否添加了新的 IP：
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sudo ip address show enp0s3
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**输出样例：**
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2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet 192.168.1.104/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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很好！我们已经添加了额外的 IP。
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再次 ping IP 地址进行验证。
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sudo ping 192.168.1.104
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**样例输出：**
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PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.137 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.050 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms
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64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms
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好极了！它能正常工作。就是这样。
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想知道怎么给 CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux/Fedora 系统添加额外的 IP 地址，可以点击下面的链接。
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- [在CentOS 7上给一个网卡分配多个IP地址][1]
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工作愉快！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.unixmen.com/assign-multiple-ip-addresses-to-one-interface-on-ubuntu-15-10/
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作者：[SK][a]
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译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
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校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
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[1]:https://linux.cn/article-5127-1.html
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