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用于 ‘Suse‘ Linux 包管理的 Zypper 命令大全
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======================================================================
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SUSE（ Software and System Entwicklung，即软件和系统开发。其中‘entwicklung‘是德语，意为开发）Linux 是由 Novell 公司在 Linux 内核基础上建立的操作系统。SUSE Linux 有两个发行分支。其中之一名为 openSUSE，这是一款自由而且免费的操作系统 （free as in speech as well as free as in wine）。该系统由开源社区开发维护，支持一些最新版本的应用软件，其最新的稳定版本为 13.2。
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另外一个分支是 SUSE Linux 企业版。该分支是一个为企业及商业化产品设计的 Linux 发行版，包含了大量的企业应用以及适用于商业产品生产环境的特性。其最新的稳定版本为 12。
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以下的链接包含了安装企业版 SUSE Linux 服务器的详细信息。
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- [如何安装企业版 SUSE Linux 12][1]
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Zypper 和 Yast 是 SUSE Linux 平台上的软件包管理工具，他们的底层使用了 RPM（LCTT 译者注：RPM 最初指 Redhat Pacakge Manager ，现普遍解释为递归短语 RPM Package Manager 的缩写）。
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Yast（Yet another Setup Tool ）是 OpenSUSE 以及企业版 SUSE 上用于系统管理、设置和配置的工具。
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Zypper 是软件包管理器ZYpp的命令行接口，可用于安装、删除SUSE Linux上的软件以及进行系统更新。ZYpp为Zypper和Yast提供底层支持。
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本文将介绍实际应用中常见的一些Zypper命令。这些命令用来进行安装、更新、删除等任何软件包管理器所能够胜任的工作。
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**重要** : 切记所有的这些命令都将在系统全局范围内产生影响，所以必须以 root 身份执行，否则命令将失败。
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### 获取基本的 Zypper 帮助信息 ###
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1. 不带任何选项的执行 zypper, 将输出该命令的全局选项以及子命令列表（LCTT 译者注：全局选项，global option，控制台命令的输入分为可选参数和位置参数两大类。按照习惯，一般可选参数称为选项'option'，而位置参数称为参数 'argument'）。
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<pre><code># zypper
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Usage:
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zypper [--global-options]</code></pre>
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2. 获取一个具体的子命令的帮助信息，比如 'in' (install)，可以执行下面的命令
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<pre><code># zypper help in</code></pre>
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或者
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<pre><code># zypper help install
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install (in) [options] {capability | rpm_file_uri}
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Install packages with specified capabilities or RPM files with specified
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location. A capability is NAME[.ARCH][OP], where OP is one
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of <, <=, =, >=, >.
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Command options:
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--from <alias|#|URI> Select packages from the specified repository.
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-r, --repo <alias|#|URI> Load only the specified repository.
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-t, --type Type of package (package, patch, pattern, product, srcpackage).
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Default: package.
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-n, --name Select packages by plain name, not by capability.
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-C, --capability Select packages by capability.
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-f, --force Install even if the item is already installed (reinstall),
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downgraded or changes vendor or architecture.
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--oldpackage Allow to replace a newer item with an older one.
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Handy if you are doing a rollback. Unlike --force
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it will not enforce a reinstall.
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--replacefiles Install the packages even if they replace files from other,
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already installed, packages. Default is to treat file conflicts
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as an error. --download-as-needed disables the fileconflict check.
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...... </code></pre>
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3. 安装之前搜索一个安转包（以 gnome-desktop 为例 ）
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<pre><code># zypper se gnome-desktop
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Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Debug' metadata ............................................................[done]
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Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Debug' cache .................................................................[done]
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Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' metadata ......................................................... [done]
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Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' cache ...............................................................[done]
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Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Oss' metadata ..............................................................[done]
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Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Oss' cache ...................................................................[done]
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Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Update' metadata ...........................................................[done]
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Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Update' cache ................................................................[done]
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Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss' metadata ...................................................[done]
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Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss' cache ........................................................[done]
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Loading repository data...
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Reading installed packages...
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S | Name | Summary | Type
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--+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------
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| gnome-desktop2-lang | Languages for package gnome-desktop2 | package
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| gnome-desktop2 | The GNOME Desktop API Library | package
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| libgnome-desktop-2-17 | The GNOME Desktop API Library | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3-10 | The GNOME Desktop API Library | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3-devel | The GNOME Desktop API Library -- Development Files | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3_0-common | The GNOME Desktop API Library -- Common data files | package
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| gnome-desktop-debugsource | Debug sources for package gnome-desktop | package
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| gnome-desktop-sharp2-debugsource | Debug sources for package gnome-desktop-sharp2 | package
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| gnome-desktop2-debugsource | Debug sources for package gnome-desktop2 | package
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| libgnome-desktop-2-17-debuginfo | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-2-17 | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3-10-debuginfo | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-3-10 | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3_0-common-debuginfo | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-3_0-common | package
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| libgnome-desktop-2-17-debuginfo-32bit | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-2-17 | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3-10-debuginfo-32bit | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-3-10 | package
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| gnome-desktop-sharp2 | Mono bindings for libgnome-desktop | package
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| libgnome-desktop-2-devel | The GNOME Desktop API Library -- Development Files | packag
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| gnome-desktop-lang | Languages for package gnome-desktop | package
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| libgnome-desktop-2-17-32bit | The GNOME Desktop API Library | package
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| libgnome-desktop-3-10-32bit | The GNOME Desktop API Library | package
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| gnome-desktop | The GNOME Desktop API Library | srcpackage</code></pre>
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4. 获取一个模式包的信息（以 lamp_server 为例）。
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<pre><code># zypper info -t pattern lamp_server
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Loading repository data...
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Reading installed packages...
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Information for pattern lamp_server:
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------------------------------------
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Repository: openSUSE-13.2-Update
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Name: lamp_server
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Version: 20141007-5.1
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Arch: x86_64
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Vendor: openSUSE
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Installed: No
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Visible to User: Yes
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Summary: Web and LAMP Server
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Description:
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Software to set up a Web server that is able to serve static, dynamic, and interactive content (like a Web shop). This includes Apache HTTP Server, the database management system MySQL,
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and scripting languages such as PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails, or Perl.
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Contents:
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S | Name | Type | Dependency
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--+-------------------------------+---------+-----------
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| apache2-mod_php5 | package |
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| php5-iconv | package |
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i | patterns-openSUSE-base | package |
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i | apache2-prefork | package |
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| php5-dom | package |
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| php5-mysql | package |
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i | apache2 | package |
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| apache2-example-pages | package |
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| mariadb | package |
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| apache2-mod_perl | package |
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| php5-ctype | package |
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| apache2-doc | package |
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| yast2-http-server | package |
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| patterns-openSUSE-lamp_server | package |</code></pre>
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5. 开启一个Zypper Shell 的会话。
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<pre><code># zypper shell </code></pre>
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或者
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<pre><code># zypper sh </code></pre>
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<pre><code>zypper> help
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Usage:
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zypper [--global-options]</code></pre>
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**注意**:在 Zypper shell里面可以通过键入 ‘help‘ 获得全局选项以及子命令的列表。
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### Zypper 软件库管理 ###
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#### 列举已定义的软件库 ####
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6. 使用 'zypper repos' 或者 'zypper lr' 来列举所有已定以的软件库。
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<pre><code># zypper repos</code></pre>
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或者
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<pre><code># zypper lr
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| Alias | Name | Enabled | Refresh
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--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+--------
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1 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | Yes | No
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2 | repo-debug | openSUSE-13.2-Debug | Yes | Yes
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3 | repo-debug-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug | No | Yes
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4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No | Yes
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5 | repo-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes
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6 | repo-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Oss | Yes | Yes
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7 | repo-source | openSUSE-13.2-Source | No | Yes
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8 | repo-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update | Yes | Yes
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9 | repo-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes</code></pre>
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7. 在表格里面显示 zypper URI
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<pre><code># zypper lr -u
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| Alias | Name | Enabled | Refresh | URI
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--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------
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1 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | Yes | No | cd:///?devices=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-VBOX_CD-ROM_VB2-01700376
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2 | repo-debug | openSUSE-13.2-Debug | Yes | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/debug/distribution/13.2/repo/oss/
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3 | repo-debug-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug | No | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/debug/update/13.2/
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4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/debug/update/13.2-non-oss/
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5 | repo-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/13.2/repo/non-oss/
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6 | repo-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Oss | Yes | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/13.2/repo/oss/
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7 | repo-source | openSUSE-13.2-Source | No | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/source/distribution/13.2/repo/oss/
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8 | repo-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update | Yes | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/update/13.2/
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9 | repo-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes | http://download.opensuse.org/update/13.2-non-oss/</code></pre>
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8. 根据优先级列举软件库。
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<pre><code># zypper lr -P
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| Alias | Name | Enabled | Refresh | Priority
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--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------
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1 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | Yes | No | 99
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2 | repo-debug | openSUSE-13.2-Debug | Yes | Yes | 99
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3 | repo-debug-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug | No | Yes | 99
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4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No | Yes | 99
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5 | repo-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes | 85
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6 | repo-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Oss | Yes | Yes | 99
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7 | repo-source | openSUSE-13.2-Source | No | Yes | 99
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8 | repo-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update | Yes | Yes | 99
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9 | repo-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes | 99</code></pre>
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#### 刷新软件库 ####
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9. 使用 'zypper refresh' or 'zypper ref' 来刷新 zypper 软件库。
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<pre><code># zypper refresh </code></pre>
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或者
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<pre><code># zypper ref
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-0' is up to date.
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Debug' is up to date.
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' is up to date.
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Oss' is up to date.
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Update' is up to date.
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss' is up to date.
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All repositories have been refreshed. </code></pre>
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10. 刷新一个指定的软件库（以 'repo-non-oss' 为例 ）。
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<pre><code># zypper refresh repo-non-oss
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Repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' is up to date.
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Specified repositories have been refreshed. </code></pre>
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11. 强制更新一个软件库（以 'repo-non-oss' 为例 ）。
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<pre><code># zypper ref -f repo-non-oss
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Forcing raw metadata refresh
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Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' metadata ............................................................[done]
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Forcing building of repository cache
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Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' cache ............................................................[done]
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Specified repositories have been refreshed.</code></pre>
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#### 修改软件库 ####
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本文中我们使用‘zypper modifyrepo‘ 或者 ‘zypper mr‘ 来关闭或者开启 zypper 软件库。
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12. 在关闭一个软件库之前，我们需要知道在 zypper 中，每一个软件库有一个唯一的标示数字与之关联，该数字用于打开或者关闭与之相联系的软件库。假设我们需要关闭 'repo-oss' 软件库，那么我们可以通过以下的法来获得该软件库的标志数字。
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<pre><code># zypper lr
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| Alias | Name | Enabled | Refresh
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--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+--------
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1 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | openSUSE-13.2-0 | Yes | No
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2 | repo-debug | openSUSE-13.2-Debug | Yes | Yes
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3 | repo-debug-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug | No | Yes
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4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No | Yes
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5 | repo-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes
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6 | repo-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Oss | No | Yes
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7 | repo-source | openSUSE-13.2-Source | No | Yes
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8 | repo-update | openSUSE-13.2-Update | Yes | Yes
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9 | repo-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss | Yes | Yes</code></pre>
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从以上输出的列表中我们可以看到 'repo-oss' 库的标示数字是 6，因此通过以下的命令来关闭该库。
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<pre><code># zypper mr -d 6
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Repository 'repo-oss' has been successfully disabled.</code></pre>
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13. 如果需要再次开启软件库 ‘repo-oss‘, 接上例，与之相关联的标示数字为 6。
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<pre><code># zypper mr -e 6
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Repository 'repo-oss' has been successfully enabled.</code></pre>
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14. 针对某一个软件库（以 'repo-non-oss' 为例 ）开启自动刷新( auto-refresh )和 rpm 缓存，并设置该软件库的优先级，比如85。
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<pre><code># zypper mr -rk -p 85 repo-non-oss
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Repository 'repo-non-oss' priority has been left unchanged (85)
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Nothing to change for repository 'repo-non-oss'.</code></pre>
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15. 对所有的软件库关闭 rpm 文件缓存。
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<pre><code># zypper mr -Ka
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'openSUSE-13.2-0'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-debug'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-debug-update'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-debug-update-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-source'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-update'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-update-non-oss'.</pre></code>
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16. 对所有的软件库开启 rpm 文件缓存。
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<pre><code># zypper mr -ka
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'openSUSE-13.2-0'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-debug'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-debug-update'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-debug-update-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-source'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-update'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-update-non-oss'.</code></pre>
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17. 关闭远程库的 rpm 文件缓存
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<pre><code># zypper mr -Kt
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-debug'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-debug-update'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-debug-update-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-source'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-update'.
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RPM files caching has been disabled for repository 'repo-update-non-oss'.</code></pre>
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18. 开启远程软件库的 rpm 文件缓存。
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<pre><code># zypper mr -kt
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-debug'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-debug-update'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-debug-update-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-non-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-oss'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-source'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-update'.
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RPM files caching has been enabled for repository 'repo-update-non-oss'.</pre></code>
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#### 增加新的软件库 ####
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可以通过这两个 zypper 指令 – 'zypper addrepo' 和 'zypper ar' 来增加新的软件库。在此过程中可以使用 URL 或者软件库的别名。
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19. 增加一个新的软件库（ 以 “http://download.opensuse.org/update/12.3/” 为例 ）。
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<pre><code># zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/update/11.1/ update
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Adding repository 'update' .............................................................................................................................................................[done]
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Repository 'update' successfully added
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Enabled : Yes
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Autorefresh : No
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GPG check : Yes
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URI : http://download.opensuse.org/update/11.1/</code></pre>
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20. 更改一个软件库的名字，这将仅仅改变软件库的别名。 命令 'zypper namerepo' 或者 'zypperr nr' 可以胜任此工作。例如更改标示数字为10的软件库的名字为 'upd8'，或者说将标示数字为10的软件库的别名改为 'upd8'，可以使用下面的命令。
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<pre><code># zypper nr 10 upd8
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Repository 'update' renamed to 'upd8'.</code></pre>
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#### 删除软件库 ####
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|
||
21. 删除一个软件库。要从系统删除一个软件库可以使 'zypper removerepo' 或者 'zypper rr'。例如以下的命令可以删除软件库 'upd8'
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper rr upd8
|
||
# Removing repository 'upd8' .........................................................................................[done]
|
||
Repository 'upd8' has been removed.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
### 使用 zypper 进行软件包管理 ###
|
||
|
||
#### 用 zypper 安装一个软件包 ####
|
||
|
||
22. 在 zypper 中，我们可以通过软件包的功能名称来安装一个软件包。以 Firefox 为例，以下的命令可以用来安装该软件包。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in MozillaFirefox
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 128 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
adwaita-icon-theme at-spi2-atk-common at-spi2-atk-gtk2 at-spi2-core cantarell-fonts cups-libs desktop-file-utils fontconfig gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders gstreamer gstreamer-fluendo-mp3
|
||
gstreamer-plugins-base gtk2-branding-openSUSE gtk2-data gtk2-immodule-amharic gtk2-immodule-inuktitut gtk2-immodule-thai gtk2-immodule-vietnamese gtk2-metatheme-adwaita
|
||
gtk2-theming-engine-adwaita gtk2-tools gtk3-data gtk3-metatheme-adwaita gtk3-tools hicolor-icon-theme hicolor-icon-theme-branding-openSUSE libasound2 libatk-1_0-0 libatk-bridge-2_0-0
|
||
libatspi0 libcairo2 libcairo-gobject2 libcanberra0 libcanberra-gtk0 libcanberra-gtk2-module libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module libcanberra-gtk-module-common libcdda_interface0
|
||
libcdda_paranoia0 libcolord2 libdrm2 libdrm_intel1 libdrm_nouveau2 libdrm_radeon1 libFLAC8 libfreebl3 libgbm1 libgdk_pixbuf-2_0-0 libgraphite2-3 libgstapp-1_0-0 libgstaudio-1_0-0
|
||
libgstpbutils-1_0-0 libgstreamer-1_0-0 libgstriff-1_0-0 libgsttag-1_0-0 libgstvideo-1_0-0 libgthread-2_0-0 libgtk-2_0-0 libgtk-3-0 libharfbuzz0 libjasper1 libjbig2 libjpeg8 libjson-c2
|
||
liblcms2-2 libLLVM libltdl7 libnsssharedhelper0 libogg0 liborc-0_4-0 libpackagekit-glib2-18 libpango-1_0-0 libpciaccess0 libpixman-1-0 libpulse0 libsndfile1 libsoftokn3 libspeex1
|
||
libsqlite3-0 libstartup-notification-1-0 libtheoradec1 libtheoraenc1 libtiff5 libvisual libvorbis0 libvorbisenc2 libvorbisfile3 libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-server0
|
||
libX11-xcb1 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-render0 libxcb-shm0 libxcb-sync1 libxcb-util1 libxcb-xfixes0 libXcomposite1 libXcursor1 libXdamage1 libXevie1
|
||
libXfixes3 libXft2 libXi6 libXinerama1 libxkbcommon-0_4_3 libXrandr2 libXrender1 libxshmfence1 libXtst6 libXv1 libXxf86vm1 Mesa Mesa-libEGL1 Mesa-libGL1 Mesa-libglapi0
|
||
metatheme-adwaita-common MozillaFirefox MozillaFirefox-branding-openSUSE mozilla-nss mozilla-nss-certs PackageKit-gstreamer-plugin pango-tools sound-theme-freedesktop
|
||
|
||
The following 10 recommended packages were automatically selected:
|
||
gstreamer-fluendo-mp3 gtk2-branding-openSUSE gtk2-data gtk2-immodule-amharic gtk2-immodule-inuktitut gtk2-immodule-thai gtk2-immodule-vietnamese libcanberra0 libpulse0
|
||
PackageKit-gstreamer-plugin
|
||
|
||
128 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 77.2 MiB. Already cached: 0 B After the operation, additional 200.0 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
|
||
Retrieving package cantarell-fonts-0.0.16-1.1.noarch (1/128), 74.1 KiB (115.6 KiB unpacked)
|
||
Retrieving: cantarell-fonts-0.0.16-1.1.noarch.rpm .........................................................................................................................[done (63.4 KiB/s)]
|
||
Retrieving package hicolor-icon-theme-0.13-2.1.2.noarch (2/128), 40.1 KiB ( 50.5 KiB unpacked)
|
||
Retrieving: hicolor-icon-theme-0.13-2.1.2.noarch.rpm ...................................................................................................................................[done]
|
||
Retrieving package sound-theme-freedesktop-0.8-7.1.2.noarch (3/128), 372.6 KiB (460.3 KiB unpacked) </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
23. 安装指定版本号的软件包，(以 gcc 5.1 为例)。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in 'gcc<5.1'
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 13 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10 libitm1-gcc49 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libtsan0-gcc49
|
||
|
||
13 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 14.5 MiB. Already cached: 0 B After the operation, additional 49.4 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
24. 为特定的CPU架构安装软件包（以兼容 i586 的 gcc 为例）。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in gcc.i586
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 13 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10 libitm1-gcc49 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libtsan0-gcc49
|
||
|
||
13 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 14.5 MiB. Already cached: 0 B After the operation, additional 49.4 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
|
||
Retrieving package libasan0-4.8.3+r212056-2.2.4.x86_64 (1/13), 74.2 KiB (166.9 KiB unpacked)
|
||
Retrieving: libasan0-4.8.3+r212056-2.2.4.x86_64.rpm .......................................................................................................................[done (79.2 KiB/s)]
|
||
Retrieving package libatomic1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64 (2/13), 14.3 KiB ( 26.1 KiB unpacked)
|
||
Retrieving: libatomic1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64.rpm ...............................................................................................................[done (55.3 KiB/s)] </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
25. 为特定的CPU架构安装指定版本号的软件包（以兼容 i586 且版本低于5.1的 gcc 为例）
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in 'gcc.i586<5.1'
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 13 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10 libitm1-gcc49 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libtsan0-gcc49
|
||
|
||
13 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 14.4 MiB. Already cached: 129.5 KiB After the operation, additional 49.4 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
|
||
In cache libasan0-4.8.3+r212056-2.2.4.x86_64.rpm (1/13), 74.2 KiB (166.9 KiB unpacked)
|
||
In cache libatomic1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64.rpm (2/13), 14.3 KiB ( 26.1 KiB unpacked)
|
||
In cache libgomp1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64.rpm (3/13), 41.1 KiB ( 90.7 KiB unpacked) </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
26. 从指定的软件库里面安装一个软件包，例如从 amarok 中安装 libxine。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in amarok upd:libxine1
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
The following 202 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
amarok bundle-lang-kde-en clamz cups-libs enscript fontconfig gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders ghostscript-fonts-std gptfdisk gstreamer gstreamer-plugins-base hicolor-icon-theme
|
||
hicolor-icon-theme-branding-openSUSE htdig hunspell hunspell-tools icoutils ispell ispell-american kde4-filesystem kdebase4-runtime kdebase4-runtime-branding-openSUSE kdelibs4
|
||
kdelibs4-branding-openSUSE kdelibs4-core kdialog libakonadi4 l
|
||
.....</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
27. 通过指定软件包的名字安装软件包。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in -n git
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 35 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
cvs cvsps fontconfig git git-core git-cvs git-email git-gui gitk git-svn git-web libserf-1-1 libsqlite3-0 libXft2 libXrender1 libXss1 perl-Authen-SASL perl-Clone perl-DBD-SQLite perl-DBI
|
||
perl-Error perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-MLDBM perl-Net-Daemon perl-Net-SMTP-SSL perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Params-Util perl-PlRPC perl-SQL-Statement perl-Term-ReadKey subversion subversion-perl tcl
|
||
tk xhost
|
||
|
||
The following 13 recommended packages were automatically selected:
|
||
git-cvs git-email git-gui gitk git-svn git-web perl-Authen-SASL perl-Clone perl-MLDBM perl-Net-Daemon perl-Net-SMTP-SSL perl-PlRPC perl-SQL-Statement
|
||
|
||
The following package is suggested, but will not be installed:
|
||
git-daemon
|
||
|
||
35 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 15.6 MiB. Already cached: 0 B After the operation, additional 56.7 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
28. 通过通配符来安装软件包，例如，安装所有 php5 的软件包。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in php5*
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
Problem: php5-5.6.1-18.1.x86_64 requires smtp_daemon, but this requirement cannot be provided
|
||
uninstallable providers: exim-4.83-3.1.8.x86_64[openSUSE-13.2-0]
|
||
postfix-2.11.0-5.2.2.x86_64[openSUSE-13.2-0]
|
||
sendmail-8.14.9-2.2.2.x86_64[openSUSE-13.2-0]
|
||
exim-4.83-3.1.8.i586[repo-oss]
|
||
msmtp-mta-1.4.32-2.1.3.i586[repo-oss]
|
||
postfix-2.11.0-5.2.2.i586[repo-oss]
|
||
sendmail-8.14.9-2.2.2.i586[repo-oss]
|
||
exim-4.83-3.1.8.x86_64[repo-oss]
|
||
msmtp-mta-1.4.32-2.1.3.x86_64[repo-oss]
|
||
postfix-2.11.0-5.2.2.x86_64[repo-oss]
|
||
sendmail-8.14.9-2.2.2.x86_64[repo-oss]
|
||
postfix-2.11.3-5.5.1.i586[repo-update]
|
||
postfix-2.11.3-5.5.1.x86_64[repo-update]
|
||
Solution 1: Following actions will be done:
|
||
do not install php5-5.6.1-18.1.x86_64
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Auth_SASL-1.0.6-7.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Http-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Image-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Kolab_Format-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Ldap-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Memcache-2.0.1-7.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Mime-2.0.2-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Oauth-2.0.0-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
do not install php5-pear-Horde_Pdf-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
|
||
....</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
29. 使用模式名称（模式名称是一类软件包的名字）来批量安装软件包。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in -t pattern lamp_server
|
||
ading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 29 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
apache2 apache2-doc apache2-example-pages apache2-mod_perl apache2-prefork patterns-openSUSE-lamp_server perl-Data-Dump perl-Encode-Locale perl-File-Listing perl-HTML-Parser
|
||
perl-HTML-Tagset perl-HTTP-Cookies perl-HTTP-Daemon perl-HTTP-Date perl-HTTP-Message perl-HTTP-Negotiate perl-IO-HTML perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-libwww-perl perl-Linux-Pid
|
||
perl-LWP-MediaTypes perl-LWP-Protocol-https perl-Net-HTTP perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Tie-IxHash perl-TimeDate perl-URI perl-WWW-RobotRules yast2-http-server
|
||
|
||
The following NEW pattern is going to be installed:
|
||
lamp_server
|
||
|
||
The following 10 recommended packages were automatically selected:
|
||
apache2 apache2-doc apache2-example-pages apache2-mod_perl apache2-prefork perl-Data-Dump perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-LWP-Protocol-https perl-TimeDate yast2-http-server
|
||
|
||
29 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 7.2 MiB. Already cached: 1.2 MiB After the operation, additional 34.7 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
30. 使用一行命令安装一个软件包同时卸载另一个软件包，例如在安装 nano 的同时卸载 vi
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in nano -vi
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
'-vi' not found in package names. Trying capabilities.
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 2 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
nano nano-lang
|
||
|
||
The following package is going to be REMOVED:
|
||
vim
|
||
|
||
The following recommended package was automatically selected:
|
||
nano-lang
|
||
|
||
2 new packages to install, 1 to remove.
|
||
Overall download size: 550.0 KiB. Already cached: 0 B After the operation, 463.3 KiB will be freed.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y):
|
||
...</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
31. 使用 zypper 安装 rpm 软件包。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in teamviewer*.rpm
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 24 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
alsa-oss-32bit fontconfig-32bit libasound2-32bit libexpat1-32bit libfreetype6-32bit libgcc_s1-gcc49-32bit libICE6-32bit libjpeg62-32bit libpng12-0-32bit libpng16-16-32bit libSM6-32bit
|
||
libuuid1-32bit libX11-6-32bit libXau6-32bit libxcb1-32bit libXdamage1-32bit libXext6-32bit libXfixes3-32bit libXinerama1-32bit libXrandr2-32bit libXrender1-32bit libXtst6-32bit
|
||
libz1-32bit teamviewer
|
||
|
||
The following recommended package was automatically selected:
|
||
alsa-oss-32bit
|
||
|
||
24 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 41.2 MiB. Already cached: 0 B After the operation, additional 119.7 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y):
|
||
..</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
#### 使用 zypper 卸载软件包 ####
|
||
|
||
32. 命令 ‘zypper remove‘ 和 ‘zypper rm‘ 用于卸载软件包。例如卸载 apache2:
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper remove apache2 </code></pre>
|
||
或者
|
||
<pre><code># zypper rm apache2
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 2 packages are going to be REMOVED:
|
||
apache2 apache2-prefork
|
||
|
||
2 packages to remove.
|
||
After the operation, 4.2 MiB will be freed.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
|
||
(1/2) Removing apache2-2.4.10-19.1 ........................................................................[done]
|
||
(2/2) Removing apache2-prefork-2.4.10-19.1 ................................................................[done] </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
#### 使用Zypper 进行软件包更新 ####
|
||
|
||
33. 更新所有的软件包，可以使用 ‘zypper update‘ 或者 ‘zypper up‘。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper up </code></pre>
|
||
或者
|
||
<pre><code># zypper update
|
||
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Nothing to do. </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
34. 更新指定的软件包，例如更新 apache2 以及 openssh。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code> zypper up apache2 openssh
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
No update candidate for 'apache2-2.4.10-19.1.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
|
||
No update candidate for 'openssh-6.6p1-5.1.3.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
Nothing to do.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
35. 安装一个软件库，例如 mariadb，如果该库存在则更新之。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in mariadb
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
'mariadb' is already installed.
|
||
No update candidate for 'mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
Nothing to do.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
#### 安装源文件并且构建依赖关系 ####
|
||
|
||
命令 ‘zypper source-install‘ 或者 ‘zypper si‘ 可以用于从源文件编译软件包
|
||
|
||
36. 安装某一个软件包的源文件及其依赖关系，例如 mariadb。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper si mariadb
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 36 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
autoconf automake bison cmake cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 gcc48-c++ gcc-c++ libaio-devel libarchive13 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libedit-devel libevent-devel libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10
|
||
libitm1-gcc49 libltdl7 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libopenssl-devel libstdc++48-devel libtool libtsan0-gcc49 m4 make ncurses-devel pam-devel readline-devel site-config tack tcpd-devel zlib-devel
|
||
|
||
The following source package is going to be installed:
|
||
mariadb
|
||
|
||
36 new packages to install, 1 source package.
|
||
Overall download size: 71.5 MiB. Already cached: 129.5 KiB After the operation, additional 183.9 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
37. 仅为某一个软件包安装源文件，例如 mariadb
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper in -D mariadb
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
'mariadb' is already installed.
|
||
No update candidate for 'mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
Nothing to do. </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
38. 仅为某一个软件包安装依赖关系，例如 mariadb
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper si -d mariadb
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following 36 NEW packages are going to be installed:
|
||
autoconf automake bison cmake cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 gcc48-c++ gcc-c++ libaio-devel libarchive13 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libedit-devel libevent-devel libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10
|
||
libitm1-gcc49 libltdl7 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libopenssl-devel libstdc++48-devel libtool libtsan0-gcc49 m4 make ncurses-devel pam-devel readline-devel site-config tack tcpd-devel zlib-devel
|
||
|
||
The following package is recommended, but will not be installed due to conflicts or dependency issues:
|
||
readline-doc
|
||
|
||
36 new packages to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 33.7 MiB. Already cached: 129.5 KiB After the operation, additional 144.3 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
#### 在脚本和应用中调用 Zypper （非交互式） ####
|
||
|
||
39. 安装一个软件包，并且在安装过程中跳过与用户的交互, 例如 mariadb。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper --non-interactive in mariadb
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
'mariadb' is already installed.
|
||
No update candidate for 'mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1.x86_64'. The highest available version is already installed.
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
Nothing to do.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
40. 卸载一个软件包，并且在卸载过程中跳过与用户的交互，例如 mariadb
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper --non-interactive rm mariadb
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
The following package is going to be REMOVED:
|
||
mariadb
|
||
|
||
1 package to remove.
|
||
After the operation, 71.8 MiB will be freed.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
|
||
(1/1) Removing mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1 .............................................................................[done] </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
41. 以 XML 格式显示 zypper 的输出。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper --xmlout
|
||
Usage:
|
||
zypper [--global-options] <command> [--command-options] [arguments]
|
||
|
||
Global Options
|
||
....</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
42. 在安装过程中禁止详细信息输出到屏幕。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper --quiet in mariadb
|
||
The following NEW package is going to be installed:
|
||
mariadb
|
||
|
||
1 new package to install.
|
||
Overall download size: 0 B. Already cached: 7.8 MiB After the operation, additional 71.8 MiB will be used.
|
||
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y):
|
||
...</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
43. 在卸载过程中禁止详细信息输出到屏幕
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper --quiet rm mariadb </code></pre>
|
||
|
||
44. 自动地同意版权或者协议。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper patch --auto-agree-with-licenses
|
||
Loading repository data...
|
||
Reading installed packages...
|
||
Resolving package dependencies...
|
||
|
||
Nothing to do.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
#### 清除 Zypper 缓存以及查看历史信息 ####
|
||
|
||
45. 以下指令可以用来清理Zypper缓存。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper clean
|
||
All repositories have been cleaned up.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
如果需要一次性地清理元数据以及软件包缓存，可以通过 -all 或 -a 选项来达到目的
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper clean -a
|
||
All repositories have been cleaned up.</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
46. 查看 Zypper 的历史信息。任何通过 Zypper 进行的软件包管理动作，包括安装、更新以及卸载都会在 /var/log/zypp/history中保留历史信息。可以通过 cat 来查看此文件，或者通过过滤器来筛选希望看到的信息。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code> cat /var/log/zypp/history
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|boost-license1_54_0|1.54.0-10.1.3|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|0523b909d2aae5239f9841316dafaf3a37b4f096|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|branding-openSUSE|13.2-3.6.1|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|6609def94b1987bf3f90a9467f4f7ab8f8d98a5c|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|bundle-lang-common-en|13.2-3.3.1|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|ca55694e6fdebee6ce37ac7cf3725e2aa6edc342|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|insserv-compat|0.1-12.2.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|6160de7fbf961a279591a83a1550093a581214d9|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|libX11-data|1.6.2-5.1.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|f1cb58364ba9016c1f93b1a383ba12463c56885a|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|libnl-config|3.2.25-2.1.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|aab2ded312a781e93b739b418e3d32fe4e187020|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|wireless-regdb|2014.06.13-1.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|be8cb16f3e92af12b5ceb977e37e13f03c007bd1|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|yast2-trans-en_US|3.1.0-2.1|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|1865754e5e0ec3c149ac850b340bcca55a3c404d|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|yast2-trans-stats|2.19.0-16.1.3|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|b107d2b3e702835885b57b04d12d25539f262d1a|
|
||
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|cracklib-dict-full|2.8.12-64.1.2|x86_64||openSUSE-13.2-0|08bd45dbba7ad44e3a4837f730be76f55ad5dcfa|
|
||
......</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
#### 使用 Zypper 进行SUSE系统升级 ####
|
||
|
||
47. 可以使用 Zypper 命令的 'dist-upgrade' 选项来将当前的 SUSE Linux 升级至最新版本。
|
||
|
||
<pre><code># zypper dist-upgrade
|
||
You are about to do a distribution upgrade with all enabled repositories. Make sure these repositories are compatible before you continue. See 'man zypper' for more information about this command.
|
||
Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-0' cache .....................................................................[done]
|
||
Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Debug' metadata ............................................................[done]
|
||
Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Debug' cache .................................................................[done]
|
||
Retrieving repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' metadata ..........................................................[done]
|
||
Building repository 'openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss' cache ...............................................................[done]</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
正文至此结束。希望本文可以帮助读者尤其是新手们管理SUSE Linux系统和服务器。如果您觉得某些比较重要的命令被作者漏掉了，请在评论部分写下您的返回，作者将根据评论对文章进行更新。保持联络，保持评论，多谢支持。
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/zypper-commands-to-manage-suse-linux-package-management/
|
||
|
||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||
译者：[张博约](https://github.com/zhangboyue)
|
||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/installation-of-suse-linux-enterprise-server-12/
|