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9.1 KiB
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246 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
用 dpkg 命令在 Debian 系的 Linux 系统中管理软件包
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==================
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[dpkg][7] 意即 Debian 包管理器（Debian PacKaGe manager）。dpkg 是一个可以安装、构建、删除及管理 Debian 软件包的命令行工具。dpkg 将 Aptitude（首选而更用户友好）作为执行所有操作的前端界面。
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其它的一些工具如 dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 等也使用 dpkg 作为执行某些操作的前端。
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现在大多数系统管理员使用 Apt、[Apt-Get][6] 及 Aptitude 等工具，不用费心就可以轻松地管理软件。
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尽管如此，必要的时候还是需要用 dpkg 来安装某些软件。其它的一些在 Linux 系统上广泛使用的包管理工具还有 [yum][5]、[dnf][4]、[apt-get][3]、dpkg、[rpm][2]、[Zypper][1]、pacman、urpmi 等等。
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现在，我要在装有 Ubuntu 15.10 的机器上用一些实例讲解最常用的 dpkg 命令。
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### 1) dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件位置
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下面是 dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 相关文件的位置，如果想深入了解，这些对你肯定大有益处。
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```
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### dpkg 命令的语法
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$ dpkg -[command] [.deb package name]
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$ dpkg -[command] [package name]
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### dpkg 相关文件的位置
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$ /var/lib/dpkg
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### 这个文件包含了被 dpkg 命令（install、remove 等）所修改的包的信息
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$ /var/lib/dpkg/status
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### 这个文件包含了可用包的列表
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$ /var/lib/dpkg/status
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```
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### 2) 安装/升级软件
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在基于 Debian 的系统里，比如 Debian、Mint、Ubuntu 和 elementryOS，用以下命令来安装/升级 .deb 软件包。这里我要用 `atom-amd64.deb` 文件安装 Atom。要是已经安装了 Atom，就会升级它。要么就会安装一个新的 Atom。
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```
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### 安装或升级 dpkg 软件包
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$ sudo dpkg -i atom-amd64.deb
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Selecting previously unselected package atom.
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(Reading database ... 426102 files and directories currently installed.)
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Preparing to unpack atom-amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking atom (1.5.3) over (1.5.3) ...
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Setting up atom (1.5.3) ...
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Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
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Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
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Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
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Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
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Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
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```
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### 3) 从文件夹里安装软件
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在基于 Debian 的系统里，用下列命令从目录中逐个安装软件。这会安装 `/opt/software` 目录下的所有以 .deb 为后缀的软件。
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```
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$ sudo dpkg -iR /opt/software
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Selecting previously unselected package atom.
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(Reading database ... 423303 files and directories currently installed.)
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Preparing to unpack /opt/software/atom-amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking atom (1.5.3) ...
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Setting up atom (1.5.3) ...
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Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
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Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
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Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
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Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
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Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
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```
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### 4) 显示已安装软件列表
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以下命令可以列出 Debian 系的系统中所有已安装的软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。
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```
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$ dpkg -l
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Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
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| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
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|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
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||/ Name Version Architecture Description
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+++-===========================-==================================-============-================================================================
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ii account-plugin-aim 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for AIM
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ii account-plugin-facebook 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - facebook
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ii account-plugin-flickr 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - flickr
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ii account-plugin-google 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon
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ii account-plugin-jabber 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Jabber/XMPP
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ii account-plugin-salut 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Local XMPP (Salut)
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.
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.
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```
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### 5) 查看指定的已安装软件
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用以下命令列出指定的一个已安装软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。
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```
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$ dpkg -l atom
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Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
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| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
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|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
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||/ Name Version Architecture Description
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+++-==========-=========-===================-============================================
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ii atom 1.5.3 amd64 A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
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```
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### 6) 查看软件安装目录
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以下命令可以在基于 Debian 的系统上查看软件的安装路径。
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```
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$ dpkg -L atom
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/.
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/usr
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/usr/bin
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/usr/bin/atom
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/usr/share
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/usr/share/lintian
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/usr/share/lintian/overrides
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/usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom
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/usr/share/pixmaps
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/usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png
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/usr/share/doc
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```
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### 7) 查看 deb 包内容
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下列命令可以查看 deb 包内容。它会显示 .deb 包中的一系列文件。
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```
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$ dpkg -c atom-amd64.deb
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/
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-rwxr-xr-x root/root 3067 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/atom
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/
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-rw-r--r-- root/root 299 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/
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-rw-r--r-- root/root 643183 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png
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drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/doc/
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.
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.
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```
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### 8) 显示软件的详细信息
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以下命令可以显示软件的详细信息，如软件名、软件类别、版本、维护者、软件架构、依赖的软件、软件描述等等。
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```
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$ dpkg -s atom
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Package: atom
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Status: install ok installed
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Priority: optional
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Section: devel
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Installed-Size: 213496
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Maintainer: GitHub <atom@github.com>Architecture: amd64
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Version: 1.5.3
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Depends: git, gconf2, gconf-service, libgtk2.0-0, libudev0 | libudev1, libgcrypt11 | libgcrypt20, libnotify4, libxtst6, libnss3, python, gvfs-bin, xdg-utils, libcap2
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Recommends: lsb-release
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Suggests: libgnome-keyring0, gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0
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Description: A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
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Atom is a free and open source text editor that is modern, approachable, and hackable to the core.</atom@github.com>
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```
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### 9) 查看文件属于哪个软件
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用以下命令来查看文件属于哪个软件。
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```
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$ dpkg -S /usr/bin/atom
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atom: /usr/bin/atom
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```
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### 10) 移除/删除软件
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以下命令可以用来移除/删除一个已经安装的软件，但不删除配置文件。
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```
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$ sudo dpkg -r atom
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(Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.)
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Removing atom (1.5.3) ...
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Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
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Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
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Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
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Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
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Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
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```
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### 11) 清除软件
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以下命令可以用来移除/删除包括配置文件在内的所有文件。
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```
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$ sudo dpkg -P atom
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(Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.)
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Removing atom (1.5.3) ...
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Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...
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Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...
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Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
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Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...
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Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
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```
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### 12) 了解更多
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用以下命令来查看更多关于 dpkg 的信息。
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```
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$ dpkg -help
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或
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$ man dpkg
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```
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开始体验 dpkg 吧。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-examples/
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作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU][a]
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译者：[GitFuture](https://github.com/GitFuture)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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[1]:http://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples/
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[2]:http://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
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[3]:http://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples/
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[4]:http://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples/
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[5]:http://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples/
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[6]:http://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples/
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[7]:https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg
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[8]:http://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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