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4.0 KiB
Linux:使用bash删除目录中的特定文件
我是一名Linux新用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件,其实我就是想从~/Download/文件夹删去除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件:
- *.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。
- *.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。
我如何在一个基于Linux,OS X 或者 Unix-like 系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢?
Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如:
-
- - 匹配所有的文件。
- ? - 匹配文件名中的单个字母。
- [...] - 匹配封闭括号中的任何一个字母。
策略 #1: 见识一下扩展的模式匹配符
这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项,然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了,这些模式匹配符如下:
- ?(模式列表) - 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。
- *(模式列表) - 匹配零次或多次给定的模式。
- +(模式列表) - 至少匹配一次给定的模式。
- @(模式列表) - 匹配一次给定的模式。
- !(模式列表) - 不匹配给定模式。
一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式(文件名)。
首先要打开extgolb选项:
shopt -s extglob
在Bash中删掉除*.zip和*.iso文件以外的所有文件
rm 命令的语法格式为:
## 仅保留 file1 文件 ##
rm !(file1)
## 仅保留 file1 和 file2 文件##
rm !(file1|file2)
## 仅保留 zip 文件 ##
rm !(*.zip)
## 仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ##
rm !(*.zip|*.iso)
## 你也可以使用完整的目录 ##
rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3)
## 也可以传递参数 ##
rm [选项] !(*.zip|*.iso)
rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso)
rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso)
rm -v -i !(*.php)
最后,关闭 extglob 选项方法如下:
shopt -u extglob
策略 #2: 使用bash的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除指定文件以外的所有文件
摘自 bash(1) 手册页:
这是一个用冒号分开的模式列表,通过路径展开方式定义了要忽略的文件集合。如果一个匹配到路径展开模式的文件也匹配GLOBIGNORE中的模式,那么它会从匹配列表中移除。
要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件,应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE:
## 只在 BASH 中可行 ##
cd ~/Downloads/
GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso
rm -v *
unset GLOBIGNORE
策略 #3: 用 find 命令删除所有其它文件仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件
如果你正在使用 tcsh/csh/sh/ksh 或者其它shell,你可以在Unix-like系统上试着用下面find命令的语法格式来删除文件:
find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -delete
或者
## 对于怪异的文件名可以使用 xargs ##
find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {}
find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [选项] {}
想要删除 ~/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件,键入:
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete
或者
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {}
只保留 *.zip 和 *.iso 文件的语法如下:
find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete
更多信息参见bash command man page和find command man page。
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/
译者:Linchenguang 校对:Caroline