TranslateProject/published/201401/10 Useful Chaining Operators in Linux with Practical Examples.md
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Linux中命令链接操作符的十个最佳实例
================================================================================
Linux命令中的链接的意思是通过操作符的行为将几个命令组合执行。Linux中的链接命令有些像你在shell中写[短小的shell脚本][1],并直接在终端中执行。链接使得自动处理变得更方便。不仅如此,一个无人看管的机器在链接操作符的帮助下能够十分有条理地运行。
![Linux中的10个链接操作符](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Chaining-Operators-in-Linux.png)
*Linux中的10个链接操作符*
本文旨在介绍一些常用的**链接操作符**,通过简短的描述和相关的例子帮助读者提高生产力、降低系统负载、写出更加简短有意义的代码。
### 1. 和号操作符 (&) ###
**&**’的作用是使命令在后台运行。只要在命令后面跟上一个空格和 **&**’。你可以一口气在后台运行多个命令。
在后台运行一个命令:
tecmint@localhost:~$ ping ­c5 www.tecmint.com &
同时在后台运行两个命令:
root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update & mkdit test &
### 2. 分号操作符 (;) ###
分号操作符使你可以一口气运行几个命令,命令顺序执行。
root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update ; apt-get upgrade ; mkdir test
上述命令先后执行了update和upgrade最后在当前工作目录下创建了一个**test**’文件夹
### 3. 与操作符 (&&) ###
如果第一个命令执行成功,**与操作符 (&&)**才会执行第二个命令,也就是说,第一个命令退出状态是**0**。译注原文的这里明显写错了我们进行了改译有兴趣的读者可以参看原文以及原文下面的评论。在UNIX里面0表示无错误而所有非0返回值都是各种错误。这个命令在检查最后一个命令的执行状态时很有用。
比如,我想使用**[links 命令][2]**在终端中访问网站**tecmint.com**,但在这之前我需要检查主机是否**在线**或**不在线**。
root@localhost:/home/tecmint# ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && links www.tecmint.com
### 4. 或操作符 (||) ###
**或操作符 (||)**很像编程中的**else**语句。上面的操作符允许你在第一个命令失败的情况下执行第二个命令,比如,第一个命令的退出状态是**1**
举例来说我想要在非root帐户中执行**apt-get update**‘,如果第一个命令失败了,接着会执行第二个命令‘**links www.tecmint.com**‘。
tecmint@localhost:~$ apt-get update || links tecmint.com
上面的命令中,由于该**用户**不允许**更新**系统,这意味着第一个命令的退出状态是’**1**,因此最后一个命令‘**links tecmint.com**‘会执行。
如果第一个命令成功执行并且退出状态是‘**0**‘呢?很明显的,第二个命令不会执行。
tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir test || links tecmint.com
这里,用户在家目录创建了一个‘**test**‘文件夹,这是被允许的。命令成功的执行,退出状态是‘**0**,因此,最后的命令不会执行。
### 5. 非操作符 (!) ###
**非操作符 (!)**很像**except**语句。这个命令会执行除了提供的条件外的所有的语句。要理解这点,在你的主目录创建一个目录‘**tecmint**’,并‘**cd**’到它这里。
tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir tecmint
tecmint@localhost:~$ cd tecmint
接下来,在文件夹‘**tecmint**’下创建不同类型的文件。
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ touch a.doc b.doc a.pdf b.pdf a.xml b.xml a.html b.html
看一下我们在文件夹‘**tecmint**’创建的新文件。
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls
a.doc a.html a.pdf a.xml b.doc b.html b.pdf b.xml
用一种聪明的办法马上删除除了 **html**’之外的所有文件。
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ rm -r !(*.html)
验证一下上次的执行结果,使用[ls 命令][3]列出可见所有文件。
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls
a.html b.html
### 6. 与或操作符 (&& ||) ###
上面的操作符实际上是‘**与**’和‘**或**’操作符的组合。它很像‘**if-else**‘语句。
比如我们ping **tecmint.com**,如果成功打印‘**已验证**’,否则打印‘**主机故障**’。
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "Verified" || echo "Host Down"
#### 示例输出 ####
PING www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=216 ms
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=224 ms
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=226 ms
--- www.tecmint.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 216.960/222.789/226.423/4.199 ms
Verified
现在,断开我们现在的网络连接诶,再试一下相同的命令。
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "verified" || echo "Host Down"
#### 实例输出 ####
ping: unknown host www.tecmint.com
Host Down
### 7. 管道操作符 (|) ###
**PIPE**在将第一个命令的输出作为第二个命令的输入时很有用。比如,‘**ls -l**’的输出通过管道到‘**less**’,并看一下输出。
tecmint@localhost:~$ ls -l | less
### 8. 命令合并操作符 {} ###
合并两个或多个命令,第二个命令依赖于第一个命令的执行。
比如,检查一下文件‘**xyz.txt**’是否在**Downloads**目录下,如果不存在则创建之并输出提示信息。
tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt ] || touch /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt; echo "The file does not exist"
但是这样的命令的运行结果并不如我们预期的运行,会始终都输出提示信息。因此需要使用{}操作符来合并命令:
tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz1.txt ] || {touch /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt; echo "The file does not exist"}
“The file does not exist”
(译注:原文这里应该也是复制或书写的时候,出现了一些问题,例子中并没有出现小标题中的"{}"操作符,所以这里我们进行了修改)
### 9. 优先操作符 () ###
这个操作符可以让命令以优先顺序执行。
Command_x1 &&Command_x2 || Command_x3 && Command_x4.
在上面的伪代码中,如果**Command_x1**执行失败了会怎么样,**Command_x2**, **Command_x3**, **Command_x4**没有一个会执行,对于这种情况,我们使用**优先操作符**
(Command_x1 &&Command_x2) || (Command_x3 && Command_x4)
在上面的伪代码中,如果**Command_x1**执行失败,**Command_x2**不会执行,但是**Command_x3**会继续执行, **Command_x4**会依赖于 **Command_x3**的退出状态。
### 10. 连接符 (\) ###
**连接符 (\)**如它名字所说被用于连接shell中那些太长而需要分成多行的命令。可以在输入一个“\”之后就回车,然后继续输入命令行,直到输入完成。比如,下面的命令会打开文本文件**test(1).txt**
tecmint@localhost:~/Downloads$ nano test\
1.txt
今天就到这里,我会近日开始另外一个有趣的文章。不要走开,继续关注**Tecmint**。不要忘记在评论栏里提出有价值的反馈。
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/chaining-operators-in-linux-with-practical-examples/
译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对:[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/bash-shell/
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browsers/
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/