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364 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
364 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
Linux下Nagios的安装与配置
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================================================================================
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[Nagios][1]是企业普遍使用的最具影响力的网络信息监视系统之一,它可以动态监视指定的网络状态,并在状态异常时发出警告音或邮件报警通知运维人员。监控的类型和警报定时器是完全可定制的。
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Nagios的另一强大功能是它能同时监测主机和服务。例如,它可以同时监测到IP地址和TCP/UDP端口号。为进一步阐述此功能,我们假定有台需要监测的web服务器,Nagios可运用在服务器上基于IP/服务器名运行ping命令的方法检测服务器是否在线,同时当服务器的RTT(往返时延)增加时,Nagios会随时告警。另外,Nagios还能检测TCP的80端口(web服务器)是否可达,比如可能出现服务器在线但Apache/IIS没有响应的情况。
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而基于Nagios的第三方监测工具如[Centreon][2], [FAN][3] , [op5 Monitor][4]
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在界面设计,自动化运行和技术支持方面在独立的Nagios引擎基础上提供了相应的补充。
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本段教程将展示**Linux下Nagios的安装与配置**.
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## Debian或Ubuntu下Nagios的安装 ##
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Debian系统用户使用apt-get命令就可安装Nagios:
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root@mrtg:~# apt-get install nagios3
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Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器,安装后也可以进行自定义设置。
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提示:为使Nagios可正常发送邮件通知,需正确配置SMTP。
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[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3809/11198373625_cdacef2275_z.jpg)][5]
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可以看到Nagios支持多种邮件传送方式。最常见的莫过于服务器(Internet Site)直接向接收者发送邮件,另一种常见的形式是用智能主机或中继服务器,将邮件传送至中继邮件服务器,然后它负责将邮件传送给接收者。
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进行下一步操作时服务器的域名需要包含进去。
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[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7384/11198394746_f4d42300b5_z.jpg)][6]
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最后,设置一下Nagios管理员‘nagiosadmin’的密码,用户可以之后自行修改密码。
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[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3759/11198378964_5d7f6638e8_z.jpg)][7]
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## CentOS或RHEL下Nagios的安装 ##
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使用yum命令来安装,[建立repoforge库][8]之后运行如下yum命令:
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[root@mrtg ~]# yum install nagios nagios-plugins
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## 监测需求 ##
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本段教程中,我们希望完成以下监测内容:
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1. 每三分钟监测一次所有Linux服务器。
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2. 每三分钟监测一次所有思科路由器。
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3. 所有的邮件告警集中发送至sentinel@example.tst。
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4. 发出告警前Nagios都将进行3次验证以确保问题确有发生。
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5. 当设备的往返时延超过100ms并且/或包丢失量超过20%将发出邮件告警。
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余下的教程将指导您如何在Linux系统中配置Nagios。
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## Ubuntu下Nagios的配置 ##
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明确Nagios配置文件的地址至关重要,以下路径指明了Debian系统下Nagios的配置文件地址。
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/etc/nagios-plugins 实现监测功能的专有脚本存放地址
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/etc/nagios3 添加主机、服务,定义检测和定时器的配置文件
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/usr/lib/nagios/plugins 用于监测的可执行文件
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接下来的步骤相互关联,由此开始定义主机,主机组及向主机组添加服务操作。
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### 添加主机模板 ###
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我们对同一类型的主机定义了对应的模板,这里使用安装文件作举例说明。
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首先,为Linux设备定义主机模板。
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root@mrtg:~# cd /etc/nagios3/conf.d
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp generic-host_nagios2.cfg linux-server.cfg
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如下编辑linux-server.cfg。需要修改部分已经标出。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim linux-server.cfg
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-
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define host{
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name linux-server ; 名称,需修改
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notifications_enabled 1
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event_handler_enabled 1
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flap_detection_enabled 1
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failure_prediction_enabled 1
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process_perf_data 1
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retain_status_information 1
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retain_nonstatus_information 1
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check_command example-host-check ; 检查所用脚本,需修改
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check_interval 3 ; 连续检查的间隔,需修改
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max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数,需修改
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notification_interval 0
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notification_period 24x7
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notification_options d,u,r
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contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发送至的组,需修改
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register0
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}
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接下来,为Cisco设备定义主机模板。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp linux-server.cfg cisco-device.cfg
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如下修改cisco-device.cfg。需要修改部分已经标出。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim cisco-device.cfg
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-
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define host{
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name cisco-device ;名称,需修改
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notifications_enabled 1
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event_handler_enabled 1
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flap_detection_enabled 1
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failure_prediction_enabled 1
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process_perf_data 1
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retain_status_information 1
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retain_nonstatus_information 1
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check_command example-host-check ; 检查时使用的脚本,需修改
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check_interval 3 ; 连续检查间隔,需修改
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max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数,需修改
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notification_interval 0
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notification_period 24x7
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notification_options d,u,r
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contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发至的组,需修改
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register 0
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}
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### 添加主机 ###
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现在已定义主机模板,就可以添加需要监测的主机。以默认的文件作例子展示如下内容。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp localhost_nagios2.cfg example.cfg
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim example.cfg
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-
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# Host 1
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define host{
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use linux-server ; 使用的主机模板名
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host_name our-server ; nagios使用的主机名
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alias our-server
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address 172.17.1.23 ; 主机的IP地址
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}
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# Host 2
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define host{
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use cisco-device ; 使用的主机模板名
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host_name our-router ; nagios使用的主机名
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alias our-router
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address 172.17.1.1 ; 主机的IP地址
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}
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### 主机组定义 ###
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当有多个主机时,为方便管理,建议将相似的主机组成一组。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim hostgroups_nagios2.cfg
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define hostgroup {
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hostgroup_name linux-server ; 主机组名
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alias Linux Servers
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members our-server ; 组员列表
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}
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define hostgroup {
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hostgroup_name cisco-device ; 主机组名
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alias Cisco Devices
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members our-server ; comma separated list of members
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}
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### 定义服务 ###
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首先,定义一个服务example-host-check:当往返时延达到100ms预警值并且有20%包丢失时发出警告,而紧急告警设置为5000ms且包丢失比率为100%,只执行一个IPv4的ping请求检测。
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root@mrtg:~# vim /etc/nagios-plugins/config/ping.cfg
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define command{
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command_name example-host-check
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command_line /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_ping -H '$HOSTADDRESS$' -w 100,20% -c 5000,100% -p 1 -4
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}
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然后,将命令关联至主机组。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim services_nagios2.cfg
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define service {
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hostgroup_name linux-server
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service_description Linux Servers
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check_command example-host-check
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use generic-service
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notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
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}
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define service {
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hostgroup_name cisco-device
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service_description Cisco Devices
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check_command example-host-check
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use generic-service
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notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
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}
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### 联系人定义 ###
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进行如下定义将发送邮件需要的地址添加至Nagios。
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root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim contacts.cfg
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define contact{
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contact_name root
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alias Root
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service_notification_period 24x7
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host_notification_period 24x7
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service_notification_options w,u,c,r
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host_notification_options d,r
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service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email
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host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email
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email root@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
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}
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最后,试运行初始化检测是否有配置错误。如果没有错误,Nagios开始安全运行。
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root@mrtg:~#nagios –v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
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root@mrtg:~# service nagios3 restart
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## CentOS/RHEL上的Nagios配置 ##
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Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
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/etc/nagios/objects 添加主机、服务,定义监测和定时器的配置文件
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/usr/lib/nagios/plugins 实现监测的可执行文件
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### 添加主机模板 ###
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为特定类型的主机创建所需的模板,相应修改安装所需的文件。
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[root@mrtg objects]# cd /etc/nagios/objects/
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[root@mrtg objects]# vim templates.cfg
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define host{
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name linux-server
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use generic-host
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check_period 24x7
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check_interval 3
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retry_interval 1
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max_check_attempts 3
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check_command example-host-check
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notification_period 24x7
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notification_interval 0
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notification_options d,u,r
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contact_groups admins
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register 0
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}
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define host{
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name cisco-router
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use generic-host
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check_period 24x7
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check_interval 3
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retry_interval 1
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max_check_attempts 3
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check_command example-host-check
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notification_period 24x7
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notification_interval 0
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notification_options d,u,r
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contact_groups admins
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register 0
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}
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### 添加主机和主机组 ###
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这里以默认的配置文件为例,主机和主机组添加至配置文件中。
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[root@mrtg objects]# cp localhost.cfg example.cfg
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[root@mrtg objects]# vim example.cfg
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#Adding Linux server
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define host{
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use linux-server
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host_name our-server
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alias our-server
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address 172.17.1.23
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}
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#Adding Cisco Router
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define host{
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use cisco-router
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host_name our-router
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alias our-router
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address 172.17.1.1
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}
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# HOST GROUP DEFINITION
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define hostgroup{
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hostgroup_name linux-servers
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alias Linux Servers
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members our-server
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}
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define hostgroup{
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hostgroup_name cisco-router
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alias cisco-router
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members our-router
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}
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### 服务定义 ###
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定义一个服务example-host-check:当往返时延达到100ms预警值并且有20%包丢失时发出警告,而紧急告警设置为5000ms且包丢失比率为100%,只执行一个IPv4的ping请求检测。
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[root@mrtg objects]# vim commands.cfg
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-
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define command{
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command_name example-host-check
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command_line $USER1$/check_ping -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -w 100.0,20% -c 5000.0,100% -p 1 -4
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}
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### 联系人定义 ###
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告警要发送的邮件地址添加至Nagios中。
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[root@objects objects]# vim contacts.cfg
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define contact{
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contact_name nagiosadmin
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use generic-contact
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alias Nagios Admin
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email nagios@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
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}
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最后,准备启动Nagios服务,可先试运行检测配置是否出错。
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[root@mrtg ~]# nagios –v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
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[root@mrtg ~]# service nagios restart
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[root@mrtg ~]# chkconfig nagios on
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### 配置后访问Nagios ###
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现在一切就绪,可以开始Nagios之旅了。Ubuntu/Debian用户可以通过打开http://IP地址/nagios3网页访问Nagios,CentOS/RHEL用户可以打开http://IP地址/nagios,如http://172.17.1.23/nagios3来访问Nagios。“nagiosadmin”用户则需要认证来访问页面。
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[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3834/11198394806_4f4a753778_z.jpg)][9]
|
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|
||
若Nagios没有依原设定运行,首先要做的是建立一个测试运行(dry run)。
|
||
|
||
Debian或Ubuntu系统:
|
||
|
||
# nagios3 -v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
|
||
|
||
CentOS或RHEL系统:
|
||
|
||
# nagios -v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
|
||
|
||
日志文件也会提供重要线索,若需查看可以转至路径/var/log/nagios/nagios.log。
|
||
|
||
希望本文有所帮助。
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/install-configure-nagios-linux.html
|
||
|
||
译者:[icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[1]:http://www.nagios.org/
|
||
[2]:http://www.centreon.com/
|
||
[3]:http://www.fullyautomatednagios.org/
|
||
[4]:http://www.op5.com/
|
||
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198373625/
|
||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394746/
|
||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198378964/
|
||
[8]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
|
||
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394806/
|