TranslateProject/published/201401/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
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Linux下Nagios的安装与配置
================================================================================
[Nagios][1]是企业普遍使用的最具影响力的网络信息监视系统之一,它可以动态监视指定的网络状态,并在状态异常时发出警告音或邮件报警通知运维人员。监控的类型和警报定时器是完全可定制的。
Nagios的另一强大功能是它能同时监测主机和服务。例如它可以同时监测到IP地址和TCP/UDP端口号。为进一步阐述此功能我们假定有台需要监测的web服务器Nagios可运用在服务器上基于IP/服务器名运行ping命令的方法检测服务器是否在线同时当服务器的RTT往返时延增加时Nagios会随时告警。另外Nagios还能检测TCP的80端口(web服务器)是否可达比如可能出现服务器在线但Apache/IIS没有响应的情况。
而基于Nagios的第三方监测工具如[Centreon][2], [FAN][3] , [op5 Monitor][4]
在界面设计自动化运行和技术支持方面在独立的Nagios引擎基础上提供了相应的补充。
本段教程将展示**Linux下Nagios的安装与配置**.
## Debian或Ubuntu下Nagios的安装 ##
Debian系统用户使用apt-get命令就可安装Nagios:
root@mrtg:~# apt-get install nagios3
Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器安装后也可以进行自定义设置。
提示为使Nagios可正常发送邮件通知需正确配置SMTP。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3809/11198373625_cdacef2275_z.jpg)][5]
可以看到Nagios支持多种邮件传送方式。最常见的莫过于服务器Internet Site直接向接收者发送邮件另一种常见的形式是用智能主机或中继服务器将邮件传送至中继邮件服务器然后它负责将邮件传送给接收者。
进行下一步操作时服务器的域名需要包含进去。
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7384/11198394746_f4d42300b5_z.jpg)][6]
最后设置一下Nagios管理员nagiosadmin的密码用户可以之后自行修改密码。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3759/11198378964_5d7f6638e8_z.jpg)][7]
## CentOS或RHEL下Nagios的安装 ##
使用yum命令来安装[建立repoforge库][8]之后运行如下yum命令:
[root@mrtg ~]# yum install nagios nagios-plugins
## 监测需求 ##
本段教程中,我们希望完成以下监测内容:
1. 每三分钟监测一次所有Linux服务器。
2. 每三分钟监测一次所有思科路由器。
3. 所有的邮件告警集中发送至sentinel@example.tst。
4. 发出告警前Nagios都将进行3次验证以确保问题确有发生。
5. 当设备的往返时延超过100ms并且/或包丢失量超过20%将发出邮件告警。
余下的教程将指导您如何在Linux系统中配置Nagios。
## Ubuntu下Nagios的配置 ##
明确Nagios配置文件的地址至关重要以下路径指明了Debian系统下Nagios的配置文件地址。
/etc/nagios-plugins 实现监测功能的专有脚本存放地址
/etc/nagios3 添加主机、服务,定义检测和定时器的配置文件
/usr/lib/nagios/plugins 用于监测的可执行文件
接下来的步骤相互关联,由此开始定义主机,主机组及向主机组添加服务操作。
### 添加主机模板 ###
我们对同一类型的主机定义了对应的模板,这里使用安装文件作举例说明。
首先为Linux设备定义主机模板。
root@mrtg:~# cd /etc/nagios3/conf.d
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp generic-host_nagios2.cfg linux-server.cfg
如下编辑linux-server.cfg。需要修改部分已经标出。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim linux-server.cfg
-
define host{
name linux-server ; 名称,需修改
notifications_enabled 1
event_handler_enabled 1
flap_detection_enabled 1
failure_prediction_enabled 1
process_perf_data 1
retain_status_information 1
retain_nonstatus_information 1
check_command example-host-check ; 检查所用脚本,需修改
check_interval 3 ; 连续检查的间隔,需修改
max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数,需修改
notification_interval 0
notification_period 24x7
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发送至的组,需修改
register0
}
接下来为Cisco设备定义主机模板。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp linux-server.cfg cisco-device.cfg
如下修改cisco-device.cfg。需要修改部分已经标出。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim cisco-device.cfg
-
define host{
name cisco-device ;名称,需修改
notifications_enabled 1
event_handler_enabled 1
flap_detection_enabled 1
failure_prediction_enabled 1
process_perf_data 1
retain_status_information 1
retain_nonstatus_information 1
check_command example-host-check ; 检查时使用的脚本,需修改
check_interval 3 ; 连续检查间隔,需修改
max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数,需修改
notification_interval 0
notification_period 24x7
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发至的组,需修改
register 0
}
### 添加主机 ###
现在已定义主机模板,就可以添加需要监测的主机。以默认的文件作例子展示如下内容。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp localhost_nagios2.cfg example.cfg
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim example.cfg
-
# Host 1
define host{
use linux-server ; 使用的主机模板名
host_name our-server ; nagios使用的主机名
alias our-server
address 172.17.1.23 ; 主机的IP地址
}
# Host 2
define host{
use cisco-device ; 使用的主机模板名
host_name our-router ; nagios使用的主机名
alias our-router
address 172.17.1.1 ; 主机的IP地址
}
### 主机组定义 ###
当有多个主机时,为方便管理,建议将相似的主机组成一组。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim hostgroups_nagios2.cfg
-
define hostgroup {
hostgroup_name linux-server ; 主机组名
alias Linux Servers
members our-server ; 组员列表
}
define hostgroup {
hostgroup_name cisco-device ; 主机组名
alias Cisco Devices
members our-server ; comma separated list of members
}
### 定义服务 ###
首先定义一个服务example-host-check当往返时延达到100ms预警值并且有20%包丢失时发出警告而紧急告警设置为5000ms且包丢失比率为100%只执行一个IPv4的ping请求检测。
root@mrtg:~# vim /etc/nagios-plugins/config/ping.cfg
-
define command{
command_name example-host-check
command_line /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_ping -H '$HOSTADDRESS$' -w 100,20% -c 5000,100% -p 1 -4
}
然后,将命令关联至主机组。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim services_nagios2.cfg
-
define service {
hostgroup_name linux-server
service_description Linux Servers
check_command example-host-check
use generic-service
notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
}
define service {
hostgroup_name cisco-device
service_description Cisco Devices
check_command example-host-check
use generic-service
notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
}
### 联系人定义 ###
进行如下定义将发送邮件需要的地址添加至Nagios。
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim contacts.cfg
-
define contact{
contact_name root
alias Root
service_notification_period 24x7
host_notification_period 24x7
service_notification_options w,u,c,r
host_notification_options d,r
service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email
host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email
email root@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
}
最后试运行初始化检测是否有配置错误。如果没有错误Nagios开始安全运行。
root@mrtg:~#nagios v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
root@mrtg:~# service nagios3 restart
## CentOS/RHEL上的Nagios配置 ##
Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
/etc/nagios/objects 添加主机、服务,定义监测和定时器的配置文件
/usr/lib/nagios/plugins 实现监测的可执行文件
### 添加主机模板 ###
为特定类型的主机创建所需的模板,相应修改安装所需的文件。
[root@mrtg objects]# cd /etc/nagios/objects/
[root@mrtg objects]# vim templates.cfg
-
define host{
name linux-server
use generic-host
check_period 24x7
check_interval 3
retry_interval 1
max_check_attempts 3
check_command example-host-check
notification_period 24x7
notification_interval 0
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins
register 0
}
define host{
name cisco-router
use generic-host
check_period 24x7
check_interval 3
retry_interval 1
max_check_attempts 3
check_command example-host-check
notification_period 24x7
notification_interval 0
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins
register 0
}
### 添加主机和主机组 ###
这里以默认的配置文件为例,主机和主机组添加至配置文件中。
[root@mrtg objects]# cp localhost.cfg example.cfg
[root@mrtg objects]# vim example.cfg
-
#Adding Linux server
define host{
use linux-server
host_name our-server
alias our-server
address 172.17.1.23
}
#Adding Cisco Router
define host{
use cisco-router
host_name our-router
alias our-router
address 172.17.1.1
}
# HOST GROUP DEFINITION
define hostgroup{
hostgroup_name linux-servers
alias Linux Servers
members our-server
}
define hostgroup{
hostgroup_name cisco-router
alias cisco-router
members our-router
}
### 服务定义 ###
定义一个服务example-host-check当往返时延达到100ms预警值并且有20%包丢失时发出警告而紧急告警设置为5000ms且包丢失比率为100%只执行一个IPv4的ping请求检测。
[root@mrtg objects]# vim commands.cfg
-
define command{
command_name example-host-check
command_line $USER1$/check_ping -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -w 100.0,20% -c 5000.0,100% -p 1 -4
}
### 联系人定义 ###
告警要发送的邮件地址添加至Nagios中。
[root@objects objects]# vim contacts.cfg
-
define contact{
contact_name nagiosadmin
use generic-contact
alias Nagios Admin
email nagios@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
}
最后准备启动Nagios服务可先试运行检测配置是否出错。
[root@mrtg ~]# nagios v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
[root@mrtg ~]# service nagios restart
[root@mrtg ~]# chkconfig nagios on
### 配置后访问Nagios ###
现在一切就绪可以开始Nagios之旅了。Ubuntu/Debian用户可以通过打开http://IP地址/nagios3网页访问NagiosCentOS/RHEL用户可以打开http://IP地址/nagios如http://172.17.1.23/nagios3来访问Nagios。“nagiosadmin”用户则需要认证来访问页面。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3834/11198394806_4f4a753778_z.jpg)][9]
若Nagios没有依原设定运行首先要做的是建立一个测试运行dry run
Debian或Ubuntu系统
# nagios3 -v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
CentOS或RHEL系统
# nagios -v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
日志文件也会提供重要线索,若需查看可以转至路径/var/log/nagios/nagios.log。
希望本文有所帮助。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/install-configure-nagios-linux.html
译者:[icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.nagios.org/
[2]:http://www.centreon.com/
[3]:http://www.fullyautomatednagios.org/
[4]:http://www.op5.com/
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198373625/
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394746/
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198378964/
[8]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394806/