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GNU: 走向后稀缺世界
自从理查德·斯托曼宣布编写名为 GNU 的完全兼容 UNIX 的软件系统以来已经过去 30 年了,GNU 点燃了软件自由之理念,并使开源斗争延续至今
GNU 不是第一款分布式免费软件,却是第一款宣布永久免费,以及“不受政治约束的自由软件”。
在 GNU 宣言中,斯托曼描述了美好的愿景。“从长远角度来看,”他写道,“软件自由是步入后稀缺世界的必经之道,在后稀缺世界任何人都无需为生计奔波。人们可以自愿投身于一些他们感兴趣的活动,比如软件开发,代价只是每周花费十个小时完成诸如法律制定、家庭协商、机器人修理、小行星观察等工作任务。”
在现实世界中,GNU 因为'EMACS 社区'以及由詹姆斯·高斯林编写 UNIX 版 Emacs 所引发的争论而发展迅速。在'针对 ITS 用户的 Emacs 手册'里,标示着 1981 年 10 月 22 日起,斯托曼就表明了授权 GPL 的想法。
“Emacs 并未抄袭任何软件,”他写道。“与之相反,你正在加入 Emacs 软件分享社区。加入社区的条件是你必须提交对 Emacs 作出的改进,包括任何你所写的插件。”
最初,高斯林基于其他人已经做出贡献的原因,允许自由分发高斯林版本 Emacs 的源代码。但是,1983 年 4 月,斯托曼就此谈道:“他通过申请版权的方式伤害了每一个人,他不允许任何人进行二次发布,接着把软件贩卖给软件公司。”
斯托曼被此种背叛的行为所伤害,但是高斯林,不久后作为 Java 之父而闻名于世,说道:“他对我的处理方式反映了他是一个既胆小又卑鄙的人,你可以从他做过的事看出来。”
围绕这件事的反击与法律威胁直接促成了 GNU 的成立,以及之后的 GPL 协议。高斯林版 Emacs 不久之后就被 GNU 版 Emacs 所吞并。GPL 出现的标志是 1985 年的 'GNU Emacs 分发许可事项',经过几次修改重新发布,直到 1989 年 GPL 1.0 颁布。
斯托曼之后讲述当他创建 GNU 的时候,人们说:“噢,这是一项艰难地任务;你不可能写出一个像 UNIX 那样的完整系统来。我们能为之做出多少呢?这个主意很棒,但是很不现实。”然而斯托曼的回应是无论如何他都会去做。“这就是我强大的地方。我强大在我非常非常坚决,我会忽视各种诸如为什么你应该改变你的目标等理由,忽略许多其他人会为之动摇的因素。许多人都想成为胜利的一方。我并不反对这种想法。我只想成为正确的一方,即使甚至我没有成为胜利的一方,直到最后我仍将全力以赴。”
“这和钱没有关系”,他在 1999 年说道,“这关乎自由。如果你认为这和钱有关就已经偏离讨论方向了。我只想自由地使用电脑,使用电脑去合作,在使用电脑分享的过程中不会被限制或是禁止。GNU/Linux 系统现在或多或少已经做到了一些。系统因为付诸实践的原因正变得越来越流行。它是很好的操作系统。危险是人们将会喜欢上它,因为它是实用的,它将会变得流行,只要没有人在背后对这些理想产生含糊的念头,当然这些念头将会是具有讽刺意味的失败。”
自由软件归因于斯托曼的固执以及洞察力,但是正如同他过去在 GNU 项目中建议的一样,软件自由的斗争与成果很大程度上来自于他人的贡献,对它的威胁将会继续存在。
“当其他人怀疑我是否能够胜任工作,不确定我那么做将是否足够实现目标时,我已经完成了我的大部分工作。我尝试了各种手段,因为在我的同伴和敌人之间除了我什么都没有。我自己都感到很惊讶,有时候我竟然成功了。
“有时候我会失败; 我的一些同伴会突然离去。接着我会寻找其他受到威胁的同伴,准备好另一场战役。随着时间的流逝,我学会了寻找恐惧并将之置于我和我的同伴中,号召其他黑客来加入我。”
“如今,很多时候我不是唯一的。当我看着这么多黑客不断参与进来并坚持下去,这是一种救赎、也是一种乐趣,我知道,这片乐土将会幸存下来 – 不只是现在。因为危险每年都会扩增。”
via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/gnu-toward-the-post-scarcity-world-the-free-software-column
译者:SteveArcher 校对:wxy