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命令行星期二 —— 第一篇
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极客们,我们又回来了!真抱歉让你们久等了,但我保证,我们又回归正轨了。我们满怀热情与大家相约,让我们激情燃烧,寻找刺激吧:)
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现在,整个的想法已经在之前的开场白中告诉你们了,所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像肖茨先生书里讲得那样,我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西,终端模拟器又是个什么东西,因为我们要在这里头干活。
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肖茨在他的书中写道,shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序,它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机;它也是某种形式的翻译器,将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门,但是活得最好的要数**bash**了,它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell,这是一个精巧的双关语,因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先**sh**后,Brian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈!GUN人和他们的幽默,真的很精明。:)
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![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/54535272.jpg)
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接下来我所需要,是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西,它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个,至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了,可能是KDE的**Konsole**,也可能是Gnome的**Gnome terminal**等等。肖茨先生说了,你可以挖掘出你所偏爱的一个,但是大部分时间我还是用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。
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现在来发动你的终端。打开后,你会见到一行字,这行字告诉你用户名和机器的主机名,它叫作shell提示符。它告诉你它准备好了,你可以输入命令了。让我们来随便玩玩,随便输入点什么东西进去,然后敲回车看看。
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呵呵,还记开篇我们讲过,我们需要像学诗歌一样来学习命令吗?记得就好,随意乱来可干不了啥事。
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现在,按那个上箭头,你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法?你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令,所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了,你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标,这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外注意,想用**ctrl+v**来粘贴文本是不行的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键,但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键!(在Konsole中,它位于设置 > 配置快捷键)
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现在,为了我们不再被‘命令找不到’抽一巴掌,让我们试试一些简单的。敲个**date**来试试。(是的,我不知道有这么个命令,这真着实让我兴奋了一把):)
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![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/7123365.png)
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你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时,为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像肖茨书里写的那样,它确实是个简单的命令,更有用也更复杂的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。
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你也可以试试**df**,它会列出你驱动器上的空闲空间。
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![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44662534.png)
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或者试试**free**来显示空闲内存:
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![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44548116.png)
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如果你已经跟上了敲击键盘的节奏,你可以输入**exit**命令来关闭终端模拟器了,而不是去点击那个x了。
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嗯,本周我们就到此为止吧,免得有太多的要学的东西来占据你紧巴巴的日程了。下面来个小结(你可以把结论写下来,做个备份吧),在这一篇中,我们学习了:
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- 什么是shell
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- 我们需要用什么来和shell交流(终端模拟器)
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- 使用光标按钮来驾驭终端命令以及退出终端
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四个简单的命令:
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- **date** – 显示当前日期
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- **cal** – 显示当前月份的日历
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- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives
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- **free** – amount of free memory
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### 下周二我们将会做什么呢? ###
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我们会学习在文件系统中导航(bin、etc等等这所有的文件夹都是些什么东西?它们用来干什么?怎样通过终端来浏览它们)。到那时……
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### 你就有得乐了! ###
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![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/40949666.jpg)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/
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译者:[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 |