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translating by cvsher Linux grep command with 14 different examples
Overview :
Linux like operating system provides a searching tool known as grep (global regular expression print). grep command is useful for searching the content of one more files based on the pattern. A pattern may be a single character, bunch of characters, single word or a sentence.
When we execute the grep command with specified pattern, if its is matched, then it will display the line of file containing the pattern without modifying the contents of existing file.
In this tutorial we will discuss 14 different examples of grep command
Example:1 Search the pattern (word) in a file
Search the “linuxtechi” word in the file /etc/passwd file
root@Linux-world:~# grep linuxtechi /etc/passwd
linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
root@Linux-world:~#
Example:2 Search the pattern in the multiple files.
root@Linux-world:~# grep linuxtechi /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/gshadow
/etc/passwd:linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
/etc/shadow:linuxtechi:$6$DdgXjxlM$4flz4JRvefvKp0DG6re:16550:0:99999:7:::/etc/gshadow:adm:*::syslog,linuxtechi
/etc/gshadow:cdrom:*::linuxtechi
/etc/gshadow:sudo:*::linuxtechi
/etc/gshadow:dip:*::linuxtechi
/etc/gshadow:plugdev:*::linuxtechi
/etc/gshadow:lpadmin:!::linuxtechi
/etc/gshadow:linuxtechi:!::
/etc/gshadow:sambashare:!::linuxtechi
root@Linux-world:~#
Example:3 List the name of those files which contain a specified pattern using -l option.
root@Linux-world:~# grep -l linuxtechi /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/fstab /etc/mtab
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
root@Linux-world:~#
Example:4 Search the pattern in the file along with associated line number(s) using the -n option
root@Linux-world:~# grep -n linuxtechi /etc/passwd
39:linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
root@Linux-world:~#
root@Linux-world:~# grep -n root /etc/passwd /etc/shadow
Example:5 Print the line excluding the pattern using -v option
List all the lines of the file /etc/passwd that does not contain specific word “linuxtechi”.
root@Linux-world:~# grep -v linuxtechi /etc/passwd
Example:6 Display all the lines that starts with specified pattern using ^ symbol
Bash shell treats carrot symbol (^) as a special character which marks the beginning of line or a word. Let’s display the lines which starts with “root” word in the file /etc/passwd.
root@Linux-world:~# grep ^root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
root@Linux-world:~#
Example: 7 Display all the lines that ends with specified pattern using $ symbol.
List all the lines of /etc/passwd that ends with “bash” word.
root@Linux-world:~# grep bash$ /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
root@Linux-world:~#
Bash shell treats dollar ($) symbol as a special character which marks the end of line or word.
Example:8 Search the pattern recursively using -r option
root@Linux-world:~# grep -r linuxtechi /etc/
/etc/subuid:linuxtechi:100000:65536
/etc/group:adm:x:4:syslog,linuxtechi
/etc/group:cdrom:x:24:linuxtechi
/etc/group:sudo:x:27:linuxtechi
/etc/group:dip:x:30:linuxtechi
/etc/group:plugdev:x:46:linuxtechi
/etc/group:lpadmin:x:115:linuxtechi
/etc/group:linuxtechi:x:1000:
/etc/group:sambashare:x:131:linuxtechi
/etc/passwd-:linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd:linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
............................................................................
Above command will search linuxtechi in the “/etc” directory recursively.
Example:9 Search all the empty or blank lines of a file using grep
root@Linux-world:~# grep ^$ /etc/shadow
root@Linux-world:~#
As there is no empty line in /etc/shadow file , so nothing is displayed.
Example:10 Search the pattern using ‘grep -i’ option.
-i option in the grep command ignores the letter case i.e it will ignore upper case or lower case letters while searching
Lets take an example , i want to search “LinuxTechi” word in the passwd file.
nextstep4it@localhost:~$ grep -i LinuxTechi /etc/passwd
linuxtechi:x:1001:1001::/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
nextstep4it@localhost:~$
Example:11 Search multiple patterns using -e option
For example i want to search ‘linuxtechi’ and ‘root’ word in a single grep command , then using -e option we can search multiple patterns .
root@Linux-world:~# grep -e "linuxtechi" -e "root" /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
linuxtechi:x:1000:1000:linuxtechi,,,:/home/linuxtechi:/bin/bash
root@Linux-world:~#
Example:12 Getting Search pattern from a file using “grep -f”
First create a search pattern file “grep_pattern” in your current working directory. In my case i have put the below contents.
root@Linux-world:~# cat grep_pattern
^linuxtechi
root
false$
root@Linux-world:~#
Now try to search using grep_pattern file.
root@Linux-world:~# grep -f grep_pattern /etc/passwd
Example:13 Count the number of matching patterns using -c option
Let take the above example , we can count the number of matching patterns using -c option in grep command.
root@Linux-world:~# grep -c -f grep_pattern /etc/passwd
22
root@Linux-world:~#
Example:14 Display N number of lines before & after pattern matching
a) Display Four lines before patten matching using -B option
root@Linux-world:~# grep -B 4 "games" /etc/passwd
b) Display Four lines after pattern matching using -A option
root@Linux-world:~# grep -A 4 "games" /etc/passwd
c) Display Four lines around the pattern matching using -C option
root@Linux-world:~# grep -C 4 "games" /etc/passwd
via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/linux-grep-command-with-14-different-examples/
作者：Pradeep Kumar 译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID