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122 lines
6.7 KiB
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122 lines
6.7 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (New zine: How Containers Work!)
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[#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/04/27/new-zine-how-containers-work/)
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[#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/)
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New zine: How Containers Work!
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======
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On Friday I published a new zine: “How Containers Work!”. I also launched a fun redesign of [wizardzines.com][1].
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You can get it for $12 at <https://wizardzines.com/zines/containers>. If you buy it, you’ll get a PDF that you can either print out or read on your computer. Or you can get a pack of [all 8 zines][2] so far.
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Here’s the cover and table of contents:
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[![][3]][4] <https://jvns.ca/images/containers-toc.png>
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### why containers?
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I’ve spent a lot of time [figuring][5] [out][6] [how to][7] [run][8] [things][9] [in][10] [containers][11] over the last 3-4 years. And at the beginning I was really confused! I knew a bunch of things about Linux, and containers didn’t seem to fit in with anything I thought I knew (“is it a process? what’s a network namespace? what’s happening?“). The whole thing seemed really weird.
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It turns out that containers ARE actually pretty weird. They’re not just one thing, they’re what you get when you glue together 6 different features that were mostly designed to work together but have a bunch of confusing edge cases.
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As usual, the thing that helped me the most in my container adventures is a good understanding of the **fundamentals** – what exactly is actually happening on my server when I run a container?
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So that’s what this zine is about – cgroups, namespaces, pivot_root, seccomp-bpf, and all the other Linux kernel features that make containers work.
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Once I understood those ideas, it got a **lot** easier to debug when my containers were doing surprising things in production. I learned a couple of interesting and strange things about containers while writing this zine too – I’ll probably write a blog post about one of them later this week.
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### containers aren’t magic
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This picture (page 6 of the zine) shows you how to run a fish container image with only 15 lines of bash. This is heavily inspired by [bocker][12], which “implements” Docker in about 100 lines of bash.
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<https://jvns.ca/images/containers-arent-magic.jpg>
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The main things I see missing from that script compared to what Docker actually does when running a container (other than using an actual container image and not just a tarball) are:
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* it doesn’t drop any capabilities – the container is still running as root and has full root privileges (just in a different mount + PID namespace)
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* it doesn’t block any system calls with seccomp-bpf
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### container command line tools
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The zine also goes over a bunch of command line tools & files that you can use to inspect running containers or play with Linux container features. Here’s a list:
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* `mount -t overlay` (create and view overlay filesystems)
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* `unshare` (create namespaces)
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* `nsenter` (use an existing namespace)
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* `getpcaps` (get a process’s capabilities)
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* `capsh` (drop or add capabilities, etc)
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* `cgcreate` (create a cgroup)
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* `cgexec` (run a command in an existing cgroup)
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* `chroot` (change root directory. not actually what containers use but interesting to play with anyway)
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* `/sys/fs/cgroups` (for information about cgroups, like `memory.usage_in_bytes`)
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* `/proc/PID/ns` (all a process’s namespaces)
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* `lsns` (another way to view namespaces)
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I also made a short youtube video a while back called [ways to spy on a Docker container][13] that demos some of these command line tools.
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### container runtime agnostic
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I tried to keep this zine pretty container-runtime-agnostic – I mention Docker a couple of times because it’s so widely used, but it’s about the Linux kernel features that make containers work in general, not Docker or LXC or systemd-nspawn or Kubernetes or whatever. If you understand the fundamentals you can figure all those things out!
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### we redesigned wizardzines.com!
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On Friday I also launched a redesign of [wizardzines.com][1]! [Melody Starling][14] (who is amazing) did the design. I think now it’s better organized but the tiny touch that I’m most delighted by is that now the zines jump with joy when you hover over them.
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One cool thing about working with a designer is – they don’t just make things _look_ better, they help _organize_ the information better so the website makes more sense and it’s easier to find things! This is probably obvious to anyone who knows anything about design but I haven’t worked with designers very much (or maybe ever?) so it was really cool to see.
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One tiny example of this: Melody had the idea of adding a tiny FAQ on the landing page for each zine, where I can put the answers to all the questions people always ask! Here’s what the little FAQ box looks like:
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[![][15]][4]
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I probably want to edit those questions & answers over time but it’s SO NICE to have somewhere to put them.
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### what’s next: maybe debugging! or working more on flashcards!
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The two projects I’m thinking about the most right now are
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1. a zine about debugging, which I started last summer and haven’t gotten around to finishing yet
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2. a [flashcards project][16] that I’ve been adding to slowly over the last couple of months. I think could become a nice way to explain basic ideas.
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Here’s a link to where to [get the zine][4] again :)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/04/27/new-zine-how-containers-work/
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作者：[Julia Evans][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://jvns.ca/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://wizardzines.com
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[2]: https://wizardzines.com/zines/all-the-zines/
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[3]: https://jvns.ca/images/containers-cover.jpg
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[4]: https://wizardzines.com/zines/containers
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[5]: https://stripe.com/en-ca/blog/operating-kubernetes
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[6]: https://jvns.ca/blog/2016/09/15/whats-up-with-containers-docker-and-rkt/
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[7]: https://jvns.ca/blog/2016/10/10/what-even-is-a-container/
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[8]: https://jvns.ca/blog/2016/12/22/container-networking/
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[9]: https://jvns.ca/blog/2016/10/26/running-container-without-docker/
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[10]: https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/02/17/mystery-swap/
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[11]: https://jvns.ca/blog/2016/10/02/a-list-of-container-software/
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[12]: https://github.com/p8952/bocker
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[13]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCVSdnYzH34&t=1s
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[14]: https://melody.dev
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[15]: https://jvns.ca/images/wizardzines-faq.png
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[16]: https://flashcards.wizardzines.com
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