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262 lines
8.9 KiB
Markdown
如何记录 Linux 的系统运行时间的统计信息
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=====
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Linux/Unix 系统管理员对服务器的系统运行时间有一种奇怪的痴迷。这里有一个关于这个主题的 xkcd 漫画，一个好的系统管理员是一股不可阻挡的力量，他伫立在你家猫咪博客的服务器之前，对抗黑暗势力。
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[![Fig.01: Devotion to Duty https://xkcd.com/705/][1]][1]
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我们可以使用 `uptime` 命令或 [w 命令][2] 或 `top` 命令来判断 Linux 系统运行了多久。我可以使用 `tuptime` 工具保留每次重新启动的运行时间，以[获得系统运行时间的历史和统计报告][3]。
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这就像 `uptime` 命令一样，但输出结果更令人印象深刻。最近我发现了另一种称为 `uptimed` 的工具，用于记录关于机器的系统运行时间和统计信息。让我们看看如何使用 Linux 操作系统上的 `uptimed` 和 `uprecords` 来获得运行时间的记录统计信息。
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查找系统运行时间非常简单，只需在基于 Linux 的系统上键入以下命令即可：
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```
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$ uptime -p
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up 2 weeks, 4 days, 7 hours, 28 minutes
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```
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要保留有关 `uptime` 的历史统计信息，请使用 [tuptime][3] 或 `uptimed` 工具。
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### 安装 uptimed
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安装 `uptimed` 的最简单的方式是通过你的软件包管理器，比如 apt/apt-get/yum 这些你的 Linux 发行版的朋友。
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#### 在 Debian/Ubuntu Linux 上安装 uptimed
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键入以下 [apt 命令][4]/[apt-get 命令][5]：
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```
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$ sudo apt-get install uptimed
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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The following additional packages will be installed:
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libuptimed0
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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libuptimed0 uptimed
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0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
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Need to get 40.7 kB of archives.
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After this operation, 228 kB of additional disk space will be used.
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Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
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Get:1 http://mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libuptimed0 amd64 1:0.3.17-4 [9,050 B]
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Get:2 http://mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 uptimed amd64 1:0.3.17-4 [31.6 kB]
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Fetched 40.7 kB in 0s (2,738 kB/s)
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Preconfiguring packages ...
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Selecting previously unselected package libuptimed0.
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(Reading database ... 39163 files and directories currently installed.)
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Preparing to unpack .../libuptimed0_1%3a0.3.17-4_amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking libuptimed0 (1:0.3.17-4) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package uptimed.
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Preparing to unpack .../uptimed_1%3a0.3.17-4_amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking uptimed (1:0.3.17-4) ...
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Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21) ...
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Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
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Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
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Setting up libuptimed0 (1:0.3.17-4) ...
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Setting up uptimed (1:0.3.17-4) ...
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Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ...
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Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21) ...
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Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
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```
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#### 在 CentOS/RHEL/Fedora/Oracle/Scientific Linux 上安装 uptimed
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首先 [在 CentOS/RHEL 使用 EPEL 仓库][6]：
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```
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$ sudo yum -y install epel-release
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```
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然后，键入以下 [yum 命令][7]：
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```
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$ sudo yum install uptimed
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
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Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
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* base: centos.excellmedia.net
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* epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk
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* extras: centos.excellmedia.net
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* updates: centos.excellmedia.net
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Resolving Dependencies
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--> Running transaction check
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---> Package uptimed.x86_64 0:0.4.0-6.el7 will be installed
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--> Finished Dependency Resolution
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Dependencies Resolved
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===============================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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===============================================================================
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Installing:
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uptimed x86_64 0.4.0-6.el7 epel 47 k
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Transaction Summary
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===============================================================================
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Install 1 Package
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Total download size: 47 k
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Installed size: 98 k
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Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
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Downloading packages:
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uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 47 kB 00:01
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Running transaction check
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Running transaction test
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Transaction test succeeded
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Running transaction
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Installing : uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64 1/1
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Verifying : uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64 1/1
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Installed:
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uptimed.x86_64 0:0.4.0-6.el7
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Complete!
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```
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如果你正在使用 Fedora Linux，运行以下 `dnf` 命令：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install uptimed
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```
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#### 在 Arch Linux 上安装 uptimed
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键入以下 `pacman` 命令：
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S uptimed
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```
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#### 在 Gentoo Linux 上安装 uptimed
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键入以下 `emerge` 命令：
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```
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$ sudo emerge --ask uptimed
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```
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### 如何配置 uptimed
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使用文本编辑器编辑 `/etc/uptimed.conf` 文件，例如 `vim` 命令：
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```
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$ sudo vim /etc/uptimed.conf
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```
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最少设置一个 email 地址来发送记录。假定有个兼容 sendmail 的 MTA 安装在 `/usr/lib/sendmail`。
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```
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EMAIL=vivek@server1.cyberciti.biz
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```
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保存并关闭文件。
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### 如何在系统启动时启动 uptimed 服务？
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使用 `systemctl` 命令启动 `uptimed` 服务：
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```
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$ sudo systemctl enable uptimed
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```
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### 我该如何 启动/停止/重启 或者查看 uptimed 服务的状态？
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```
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$ sudo systemctl start uptimed ## start it ##
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$ sudo systemctl stop uptimed ## stop it ##
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$ sudo systemctl restart uptimed ## restart it ##
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$ sudo systemctl status uptimed ## view status ##
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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● uptimed.service - uptime record daemon
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Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/uptimed.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
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Active: active (running) since Thu 2017-11-09 17:49:14 UTC; 18min ago
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Main PID: 11137 (uptimed)
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CGroup: /system.slice/uptimed.service
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└─11137 /usr/sbin/uptimed -f
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Nov 09 17:49:14 gfs04 systemd[1]: Started uptime record daemon.
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```
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### 如何查看 uptime 记录
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只需键入以下命令即可查看 `uptimed(8)` 程序的统计信息：
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```
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$ uprecords
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```
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示例输出：
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[![Fig.02: uprecords in action][9]][9]
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`uprecords` 有一些选项：
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```
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$ uprecords -?
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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usage: uprecords [OPTION]...
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-? this help
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-a do not print ansi codes
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-b sort by boottime
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-B reverse sort by boottime
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-k sort by sysinfo
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-K reverse sort by sysinfo
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-d print downtime seen before every uptimes instead of system
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-c do not show current entry if not in top entries
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-f run continously in a loop
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-s do not print extra statistics
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-w wide output (more than 80 cols per line)
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-i INTERVAL use INTERVAL seconds for loop instead of 5, implies -f
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-m COUNT show a maximum of top COUNT entries instead of 10
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-M show next milestone
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-v version information
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```
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### 结论
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这是一个极好的小工具，可以显示服务器正常运行时间的记录，以证明机器正常运行时间和你的业务连续性。在相关说明中，你可以看到官方的 [XKCD 系统管理员 T恤][10] 因为漫画被制作成衬衫，其中包括背面的新插图。
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[![Fig.03: Sysadmin XKCD shirt features the original comic on the front and a new illustration on the back.][11]][11]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/see-records-statistics-about-a-linux-servers-uptime/
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作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
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译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
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[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/cms/2017/11/devotion_to_duty.png
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[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-w-command-examples-syntax-usage-2/ (See Linux/Unix w command examples for more info)
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[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/howto-see-historical-statistical-uptime-on-linux-server/
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[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-lts-debian-linux-apt-command-examples/ (See Linux/Unix apt command examples for more info)
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[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html (See Linux/Unix apt-get command examples for more info)
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[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/installing-rhel-epel-repo-on-centos-redhat-7-x/
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[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info)
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[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
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[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/cms/2017/11/uprecord-screenshot.jpg
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[10]:https://store.xkcd.com/collections/apparel/products/sysadmin
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[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/cms/2017/11/sysadmin_shirt_5_1024x1024.jpg
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