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138 lines
5.5 KiB
Markdown
Linux 基础：如何在Ubuntu上检查一个软件包是否安装
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================================================================================
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如果你正在管理Debian或者Ubuntu服务器，你也许会经常使用**dpkg** 或者 **apt-get**命令。这两个命令用来安装、卸载和更新包。
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在本篇中，让我们看下如何在基于DEB的系统下检查是否安装了一个包。
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要检查特定的包，比如firefox是否安装了，使用这个命令：
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dpkg -s firefox
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示例输出：
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Package: firefox
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Status: install ok installed
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Priority: optional
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Section: web
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Installed-Size: 93339
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Maintainer: Ubuntu Mozilla Team <ubuntu-mozillateam@lists.ubuntu.com>
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Architecture: amd64
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Version: 35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14.04.2
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Replaces: kubuntu-firefox-installer
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Provides: gnome-www-browser, iceweasel, www-browser
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Depends: lsb-release, libasound2 (>= 1.0.16), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.17), libcairo2 (>= 1.2.4), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.0.2), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.9.0), libfreetype6 (>= 2.2.1), libgcc1 (>= 1:4.1.1), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.37.3), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.24.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.22.0), libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstartup-notification0 (>= 0.8), libstdc++6 (>= 4.6), libx11-6, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.3-1), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxrender1, libxt6
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Recommends: xul-ext-ubufox, libcanberra0, libdbusmenu-glib4, libdbusmenu-gtk4
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Suggests: ttf-lyx
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Conffiles:
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/etc/firefox/syspref.js 09e457e65435a1a043521f2bd19cd2a1
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/etc/apport/blacklist.d/firefox ee63264f847e671832d42255912ce144
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/etc/apport/native-origins.d/firefox 7c26b75c7c2b715c89cc6d85338252a4
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/etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox f54f7a43361c7ecfa3874abca2f292cf
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Description: Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla
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Firefox delivers safe, easy web browsing. A familiar user interface,
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enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft,
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and integrated search let you get the most out of the web.
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Xul-Appid: {ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}
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如上所见，firefox已经安装了。
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同样，你可以使用**dpkg-query** 命令。这个命令会有一个更好的输出，当然，你可以用通配符。
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dpkg-query -l firefox
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示例输出：
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Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
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| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
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|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
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||/ Name Version Architecture Description
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+++-====================================-=======================-=======================-=============================================================================
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ii firefox 35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14 amd64 Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla
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要列出你系统中安装的所有包，输入下面的命令：
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dpkg --get-selections
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示例输出：
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abiword install
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abiword-common install
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accountsservice install
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acl install
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adduser install
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alsa-base install
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alsa-utils install
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anacron install
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app-install-data install
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apparmor install
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.
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.
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.
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zeitgeist install
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zeitgeist-core install
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zeitgeist-datahub install
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zenity install
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zenity-common install
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zip install
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zlib1g:amd64 install
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zlib1g:i386 install
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上面的输出可能会非常长，这依赖于你的系统已安装的包。
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你同样可以通过**grep**来过滤割到更精确的包。比如，我想要使用**dpkg**命令查看系统中安装的gcc包：
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dpkg --get-selections | grep gcc
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示例输出：
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gcc install
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gcc-4.8 install
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gcc-4.8-base:amd64 install
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gcc-4.8-base:i386 install
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gcc-4.9-base:amd64 install
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gcc-4.9-base:i386 install
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libgcc-4.8-dev:amd64 install
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libgcc1:amd64 install
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libgcc1:i386 install
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此外，你可以使用“**-L**”参数来找出包中文件的位置。
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dpkg -L gcc-4.8
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示例输出：
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/.
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/usr
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/usr/share
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/usr/share/doc
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/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base
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/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/README.Bugs
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/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/NEWS.html
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/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath
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/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath/changelog.gz
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/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/gcc
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.
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.
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.
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/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-4.8
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/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-4.8
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/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-4.8
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就是这样了。希望这篇对你有用。
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美好的一天！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-check-package-installed-not-ubuntu/
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作者：[SK][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
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